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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Pancreas transplantation ; Enteric drainage ; Intraabdominal infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although the introduction of FK506 and MMF has markedly improved patient and graft outcome after pancreas transplantation, this procedure is still associated with a high surgical complication rate. The aim of the following study was to retrospectively analyze a series of 40 consecutive pancreas transplants with enteric drainage with regard to intraabdominal infection (IAI). Between March 1997 and December 1998 a total of 40 whole pancreas transplants were performed. Prophylactic immunosuppression consisted of an intraoperative single shot ATG (Thymoglobulin), FK506, MMF, and prednisone. The mean observation period was 14.6 (5–26) months. Overall incidence of IAI was 27.5 % (n = 11) leading to pancreatectomy in 5 patients (12.5 %). In the remaining 6 patients the graft could be rescued by necrosectomy and radical drainage of the abscess (5 patients) or percutaneous drainage (1 patient). Pancreatectomy or local infection did not alter kidney graft function in the 11 patients with simultaneous pancreas kidney transplantation. In 10 patients no evidence for leakage at the site of enteric anastomosis was present, one duodenal leak occurred due to ischemia. IAI in the early postoperative period was the predominat risk factor for graft loss. An early and invasive diagnostic approach is recommended to maximize the chance of graft rescue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 14 (2000), S. 866-866 
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Infection 18 (1990), S. 302-306 
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Patienten mit eingeschränkter körpereigener Abwehr aufgrund von Frühgeburtlichkeit, Mißbildungen, Trauma, nach großen chirurgischen Eingriffen oder in Folge einer immunosuppressiven Therapie sind besonders empfänglich für Infektionen mit hoher Mortalität. Trotz adäquater antibiotischer Prophylaxe oder antibiotischer Therapie bereits bestehender Infektionen entwickeln diese Patienten häufig nosokomiale Infektionen hervorgerufen durch multi-resistente Organismen. In einer offenen klinischen Studie haben wir 45 Episoden lebensbedrohlicher nosokomialer Infektionen bei 31 Kindern, die unter bestehender antimikrobieller Behandlung auftraten, mit Imipenem/Cilastatin allein oder in verschiedenen Kombinationen behandelt. Bei allen diesen Patienten bestand eine beeinträchtigte körpereigene Abwehr. Die häufigste Einzeldiagnose war eine Sepsis dokumentiert durch eine positive Blutkultur gefolgt von nosokomialer Pneumonie, Harnwegsinfekten und Peritonitiden. Bei 7 Patienten bestand eine Infektion eines implantierten Fremdkörpers, welche durch vorangegangene antibiotische Behandlung nicht beherrscht werden konnte. Imipenem/Cilastatin wurde in einer Dosis von 50 mg/kg KG/Tag intravenös verabreicht. Diese Therapie wurde in allen Fällen ohne Nebenwirkungen gut toleriert. Insgesamt konnten 34 der 45 Episoden erfolgreich mit Imipenem/Cilastatin allein oder in verschiedenen Kombinationen behandelt werden. Ein Kind starb in Folge einer Candida-Sepsis; 5 weitere Kinder starben an der zugrunde liegenden Krankheit, die entsprechende infektiöse Komplikation konnte jedoch beherrscht werden. Wir sahen 4 Fälle von Superinfektionen, wobei wir in 2 FällenCandida albicans, einmalPseudomonas cepacia und einmalStreptococcus faecium isolieren konnten.Imipenem/Cilastatin zeigte eine ausgezeichnete Wirksamkeit in der Behandlung von lebensbedrohlichen nosokomialen Infektionen und Reinfektionen bei Kindern.
    Notes: Summary Patients under immunosuppressive therapy with malignant diseases, malformations, premature infants or children after major surgical interventions and trauma are particularly susceptible to infections. In these patients nosocomial infections with multiply resistant organisms may occur despite broad spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis or antimicrobial chemotherapy of existing infections. In an open clinical study 31 infants and children with an overall 45 episodes of life-threatening hospitalacquired infections occurring under broad spectrum antimicrobial coverage were treated with imipenem/cilastatin alone or in various combinations. All the patients were immunocompromised. The most frequent single diagnosis was sepsis — documented by a positive blood culture — followed by nosocomial pneumonia, urinary tract infection and peritonitis. In seven patients an infection of implanted biomaterial was present which could not be controlled by the previously administered antimicrobial therapy. Imipenem/cilastatin was given in a dose of 50 mg/kg BW. Therapy was well tolerated, no side effects were observed. A total of 34 of 45 episodes could be successfully treated with imipenem/cilastatin alone or in various combinations. One child died from refractory candida sepsis; five further children died from the underlying disorder, the respective infectious complications having been controlled adequately. Treatment failures were due to infection withCandida albicans, Pseudomonas cepacia and resistantStreptococcus faecium. Imipenem/cilastatin proved to be a suitable antibiotic for the treatment of life-threatening nosocomial infections and reinfections in children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Liver transplantation ; selective bowel decontamination ; antibiotic prophylaxis ; infectious complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch selektive Darmdekontamination mit Tobramycin, Polymyxin E and Amphotericin B über 8 Tage and kurzzeitige Antibiotikatherapie mit Cefotaxim und Tobramycin wurde versucht, die hohe Infektionsrate nach Lebertransplantation zu reduzieren. Nach 53 konsekutiven orthotopen Leberverpflanzungen bei 51 Patienten zwischen 1985 and 1987 traten als klinisch bedeutsamste Infekte 8 Pneumonien auf. Bei 4 Patienten waren these bakterieller Natur, 2 durch Cytomegalovirus verursacht, 1 durch Pneumocystis carnii and 1 durch Candida. 6 Patienten hatten eine Septikämie, wobei nur in 1 Fall ein Venenkatheter als Ausgangspunkt identifiziert werden konnte. Alle Proben zusammengenommen wurde am häufigsten Streptokokkus faecalis kultiviert, ein Keim, der durch das angewendete antimikrobielle Regime nicht erfaßt wird. Pseudomonaden hingegen und gramnegative Stäbchen wurden in einem wesentlich geringeren Prozentsatz nachgewiesen. Vaginale and orale Candidainfektionen erlangten ebenso wie orale and genitale Herpes simplex-Infektionen kaum Krankheitswert und wurden jeweils topisch mit einem Antimykotikum bzw. Acyclovir behandelt. Neben den 2 CMV-Pneumonien wurden auch 3 durch CMV verursachte Hepatitiden beobachtet. Alle CMV-Infekte konnten mit Gancyclovir und Hyperimmunglobulin bei gleichzeitiger Reduktion der Basisimmunosuppression beherrscht werden. Von 15 Patienten, die wegen posthepatitischer Zirrhose transplantiert wurden waren, entwickelten 7 eine Reinfektion des Transplantates (5 HBV, 2 HCV), wovon 2 an der Zirrhose verstarben, 3 mit einer Zirrhose and noch ausreichender Transplantatfunktion leben, wie auch der Patient, der eine chronisch aktive Hepatitis entwickelt hatte. Eine im akuten Leberversagen transplantierte Patientin hat das Deltavirus innerhalb eines Jahres eliminiert. In der perioperativen Phase wurde jedoch kein einziger Patient an einer infektiösen Komplikation verloren, so daβ auch bei fehlender Kontrollgruppe die Darmdekontamination sowie die antibiotische Kurzzeitprophylaxe empfohlen werden können.
    Notes: Summary An attempt was made to reduce the risk of infection following liver transplantation by means of selective bowel decontamination with tobramycin, polymyxin E and amphotericin B, as well as short-term systemic antibiotics with cephotaxim and tobramycin. After 53 consecutive orthotopec hepatic transplants performed in 51 patients between 1985 and 1987, a total of eight pneumonias occurred as the clinically most significant infection. Two pneumonias were caused by cytomegalovirus, one by Pneumocystis carinii, one by Candida and the remaining four by various bacteria. In 6 patients, bacteria were cultured from the blood, but only in one case was an indwelling catheter identified as the source of the septicemia. Taking all samples together, Streptococcus faecalis was the bacterium most frequently cultured, which was not covered by the prophylactic antimicrobial regime applied. Pseudomonas, however, and gram-negative bacteria were demonstrated much less frequently. Vaginal and oral Candida infections, as well as oral and genital herpes simplex infections, responded well to topical therapy with fungicide and aciclovir, respectively. Three patients developed cytomegalovirus (CMV) hepatitis. All five CMV infections were successfully treated with ganciclovir and hyperimmunoglobulin, as well as reduction of prophylactic immunosuppression. Out of 15 patients transplanted for posthepatitic cirrhosis, 7 developed a recurrence of the infection (5 hepatitis B virus) 2 hepatitis C virus) in the graft. Two died of the cirrhosis, three are still alive with cirrhosis but sufficient graft function, and one patient is suffering from chronic active hepatitis. One patient grafted for acute hepatic failure was able to clear the delta virus within 1 year post-transplant. During the perioperative phase, however, we never lost a single patient to infectious complications. Therefore, bowel decontamination and antibiotic prophylaxis, including Streptococcus faecalis, are recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 11 (1992), S. 408-415 
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An in vitro model was used to study whether and how catheter infections can be cured. Silastic catheters were “infected” withStaphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 andStaphylococcus epidermidis KH11 and V2; these “infections” were then treated with 24, 48 and 96 h continuous infusions of various antimicrobial agents administered both as monotherapy and in combination. TheStaphylococcus aureus strain was considerably more difficult to eliminate from catheters than were theStaphylococcus epidermidis strains. This experience gained in the laboratory was then applied in vivo to 16 episodes of catheter sepsis in seven children. Treatment for at least six days with imipenem/cilastatin combined with fosfomycin or an aminoglycoside successfully eliminated the pathogens isolated from 11 of the 16 episodes of infection. The broad-spectrum combination was chosen because it could not be assumed that individual pathogens would be sensitive to a single substance. Nine of the infected catheters could be retained in the patients. This experience suggests that it may be possible to successfully eliminate the colonization of central venous catheters by coagulase-negative staphylococci using the antimicrobial agents employed here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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