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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Neopterin ; T-cell subsets ; HIV infection ; Generalized likelihood ratio technique ; Classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We investigated the ability of urinary neopterin concentrations and T-cell subset data, and their ratios to discriminate between anti-HIV-1 seronegatives, seropositives, and AIDS cases. Using receiver-operated-characteristics curves, neopterin levels were shown to provide the best discrimination. Of the ratios derived from the single variables, neopterin per CD4+ cell counts and neopterin per CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio were superior to the CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio. Multivariate analyses were performed using a generalized likelihood ratio approach as well as linear discriminant analysis. The combination of neopterin concentration and CD4+ T-cell count is well suited to discriminate between various stages of HIV-1 infection and, therefore, we recommend using more than one assay to evaluate disease progression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 72 (1994), S. 107-110 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Epidemiology ; Insertion element 986 ; DNA fingerprinting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis among newspaper vendors, tram operators, and other exposed groups leads to repeated discussions about the importance of single cases for the spread of tuberculous infection. We subjected 36 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, isolated in 1992 from 31 patients, to restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using PvuII and an insertion element 986 probe. Only two isolates obtained from a married couple showed the same DNA fingerprinting pattern, all the other strains had unique and clearly distinguishable banding patterns. Our investigation revealed no dominating strains except in the case of one married couple, where the chain of infection was obvious (the wife being diagnosed during the course of testing of her alcoholic and tuberculous husband's contacts). The main emphasis in the fight against tuberculosis still rests on securing the availability of diagnostic and therapeutic means for all patients with tuberculosis. The importance of single infected source cases for the spread of tuberculosis should not be overestimated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 180 (1991), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied 41 AIDS patients in the Austrian Tyrol with respect to toxoplasma antibody titers and the presence of CNS toxoplasmosis. In no patient had primary Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PcP) prophylaxis with either trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine been applied; the degree to which CNS toxoplasmosis is influenced by this kind of PcP chemoprophylaxis, widely used elsewhere, is still unclear. In this study 47.4% of toxoplasmaseropositive patients developed CNS toxoplasmosis, compared to the previously estimated risk of 12%–28% for developing CNS involvement in such patients. In view of the high risk of toxoplasma-seropositive patients with AIDS, increased efforts in developing a well-tolerated chemoprophylaxis to combat CNS toxoplasmosis are required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 23 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Cayapa Indians live in north-western Ecuador in close proximity to a Black population of African ancestry. C7 M/N allotyping has proved to be a good technique for plasma genetic analysis in several populations. Investigation of 124 Cayapa plasma samples revealed the highest allele frequency of C7*N observed in any population examined so far (0.36 versus 0.225 or lower). The marked difference in frequency compared with several Oriental populations, which are believed to have been derived from the same Asian population as native Amerindians, may reflect the effect of a small founder population followed by a high degree of genetic isolation. The allele frequency of 0.12 for C7*N determined for the neighbouring Black population supports the conclusion that there has been a lack of genetic admixture of Cayapas with other populations, confirming the results of ethnohistorical investigations and other protein polymorphism studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Immunological reviews 180 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-065X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This review focuses on interactions of HIV with the first-line defence of native immunity, the complement system. In all body compartments tested so far, HIV meets complement. Activation of the complement system results in deposition of C3 fragments on the viral surface, but in contrast to other pathogens, most of HIV is not or is only poorly lysed by membrane attack complexes. To survive complement-mediated lysis, HIV has not only developed resistance mechanisms, but uses opsonisation with complement fragments for its own advantage. Opsonised virions interact with complement receptor-expressing cells, which are either subsequently infected with high efficiency or retain viral particles on their surface, which promotes transmission of virus to other permissive cells. Our knowledge of these mechanisms has increased enormously over the past few years. A complete understanding of these complex interactions of HIV with the complement system opens new perspectives for development of alternative therapeutic strategies.We like to thank Anke Stoiber for secretarial support. This work was supported in part by grants from the FWF (P14070-MED; P13182-MOB), the OENB (Jubiläumsfonds Nr. 8504), the 5th Frame Work of the EU (QLK 2-1999-01215), the State of Tyrol and Federal Ministeries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: On activation of cells membrane-associated proteases—including serine esterases known to cleave the third component of complement (C3)—become expressed. In this paper it is shown that as a consequence of this enzyme activity isolated native human C3 added to concanavalin A (Con A)-activated human lymphocytes is cleaved on the surface of the blast cell. This enables the immediate fixation of nascent C3b (C3bx) through its short-lived metastable biinliniisite to Oh acceptors (C3bA's) newly expressed on Con A-stimulaled cells. Aeceptor-bound C3b is detected by the immune adherence rosette formation of the O-treated Con A blasts with the C3b receptor (C3bR)-bearing O. Rh+ erythroeytes (32 ± 4%). The cleavage of C3 and the covalent fixation of C3b are shown to he inhibited hy phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride and methylamine, respeclively. As a functional consequence of the covalent fixation of C3b to the mitogen-activatcd lymphocytes it is demonstrated that the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of these cells against O. Rh erythrocytes sensitized with anti-D IgG is significantly enhanced. The C3 specificity of the process and the role of C3bR's of the target cells: are proved. It is postulated that effector cell-bound C3b amplifies ADCC by improving effector cell-target cell contact.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einerin vitro Studie wurden 246 klinische Isolate von erythromycinresistenten Staphylokokken aus sechs Spitälern in Österreich auf Empfindlichkeit gegen Josamycin und gegen andere, neurere Makrolidantibiotika wie z. B. Roxithromycin und Clarithromycin untersucht. 71Staphylococcus aureus-Stämme zeigten eine MHK von ≥ 4 mg/l und 100S. aureus-Stämme zeigten eine MHK von ≥ 256 mg/l. Weiters wurden 25 Stämme koagulasenegativer Staphylokokken untersucht, die bei einer MHK ≥ 4 mg/l erythromycin-resistent waren. Bei einer MHK von 2 mg/l wurden 57% der erythromycin-resistenten Stämme vonS. aureus durch Josamycin inhibiert, 25% durch Clarithromycin und 11,6% durch Roxithromycin. Bei einer MHK von 2 mg/l wurden 13,3% der erythromycinresistenten koagulase-negativen Staphylokokken durch Josamycin inhibiert, 10,7% durch Clarithromycin und 9,3% durch Roxithromycin. Diese Studie zeigt, daß Josamycinin vitro noch immer gegen mehr als 50% der erythromycinresistenten Stämme vonS. aureus wirksam ist. Es ist auch wirksamer gegen erythromycinresistente Stämme vonS. aureus als Roxithromycin und Clarithromycin.
    Notes: Summary In anin vitro study 246 clinical isolates of erythromycin-resistant staphylococci from six hospitals in Austria were investigated for susceptibility to josamycin and other, newer macrolide antibiotics, e.g. roxithromycin and clarithromycin. 71 strains ofStaphylococcus aureus showed an MIC ≥ 4 mg/l and 100 strains ofS. aureus showed an MIC ≥ 256 mg/l. In addition, 25 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci resistant to erythromycin at an MIC of ≥ 4 mg/l were investigated. At an MIC of 2 mg/l 57% of the erythromycin-resistant strains ofS. aureus were inhibited by josamycin, 25% by clarithromycin and 11.6% by roxithromycin. At an MIC of 2 mg/l 13.3% of erythromycin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci were inhibited by josamycin, 10.7% by clarithromycin and 9.3% by roxithromycin. This study suggests that josamycin is still activein vitro against more than 50% of erythromycin-resistant strains ofS. aureus. This drug is also more active than roxithromycin and clarithromycin against erythromycin-resistantS. aureus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In mehreren europäischen Ländern wird eine sinkende Prävalenz von Antikörpern gegen das Hepatitis A Virus (anti-HAV) beobachtet. Diese Entwicklung ist bei den jüngsten Jahrgängen am stärksten ausgeprägt. 1979 waren noch 58% der Österreicher zwischen 20 und 30 anti-HAV positiv. In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir die gegenwärtige epidemiologische Situation in Westösterreich. Nur mehr 7% der 18- bis 30jährigen haben anti-HAV. Dieser Prozentsatz steigt auf 20% (31 bis 40 Jahre) und 57% (41 bis 50 Jahre), und ist mit 87% am höchsten bei Personen über 50. Von 180 klinisch manifesten Hepatitis A-Fällen in den Jahren 1985 bis 1992 wurden 45% durch eine Reise in HAV-endemische Gebiete importiert. Bei Kindern traten 59 von 83 Fällen (71%) in Gastarbeiterfamilien auf, wobei das Virus meistens im Heimatland erworben wurde. Durch die neue Impfung wird eine Änderung der Präventionsstrategie nun möglich.
    Notes: Summary Several European countries report a decreasing prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV). This trend is most pronounced in the youngest age groups. In 1979, however, 58% of young Austrians aged 20 to 30 years were shown to possess anti-HAV. Here we describe the current epidemiological situation in western Austria. Prevalence of anti-HAV has decreased to 7% in those 18 to 30 years old. This percentage rises to 20% (31 to 40 years of age) and 57% (41 to 50 years of age) and is highest in those older than 50 years (87%). Of 180 cases of clinical hepatitis A occurring from 1985 to 1992 45% were imported by travel to HAV-endemic areas. Seventy-one percent of the cases in children (59/83) occurred in foreign workers' families and were also predominantly acquired abroad. A change in prevention policy should be considered in this respect, as vaccination is available now.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenal glands were shown to be the most severely infected organs in the early phase of HSV-1 infections (up to 10 days p. i.) after i. p. infections in mice. Virus could be isolated from the adrenal glands as early as one hour after infection with pathogenic and apathogenic strains. Infection of the adrenal glands is a result of viremia. The content of HSV-1 (5 strains) was much higher in the adrenals than in spleen and liver. It peaked at 3–4 days p. i. compared to 1–2 days in spleen and liver. Only strain 17 syn+ produced low tissue titres in the adrenal glands. Morphologic alterations by HSV-1 infections commenced with distinct foci 2 days after infection in the zona fasciculata, detected immunohistochemically by HSV-specific peroxidase-staining. Necrotic cells could be observed. The foci became confluent until day 4 and remained in this status up to day 7 p. i. During infection immunocompetent cells (macrophages, granulocytes, many T-helper — but only few T-cytotoxic/suppressor lymphocytes) could be observed. On day 10 p. i. the viral antigen had been completely eliminated. In contrast, intraperitoneal infections with 5 strains of HSV-2 resulted in infection of the adrenal glands only to a low degree. The titer of virus was low (exception: strain HG 52). This correlates well with the type of disease produced by either HSV-1 or 2. By comparing the replication of different strains of HSV-1 and 2, three types of “tropism” after i. p. infection of mice can be distinguished.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 357 (1992), S. 531-531 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] sir — In the United states an Orphan Drug Act was passed in 1983 to give companies incentives in the form of grants, tax credits and a seven-year marketing monopoly for the develop-ment of drugs for rare diseases — those that affect fewer than 200,000 people. Meanwhile some of these ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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