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  • 1
    ISSN: 1524-4741
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Interest in intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) for breast cancer is increasing as the possible benefits of this technique for the patient become apparent. The rationale for the use of this segmental radiation therapy in place of whole-breast irradiation is based on the finding that approximately 85% of breast relapses are confined to the same quadrant of the breast as the primary tumor. Phase I and II trials have demonstrated no increase in postsurgical complication rates following the use of single-dose IORT in localized breast cancers. Longer follow-up is needed to assess the cosmetic outcome. Clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of IORT in the treatment of breast cancer are currently under way at the European Institute of Oncology (EIO) at the University of Milan, Italy, and at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) in New York. Here we report the two different techniques in use in these trials. 
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @breast journal 1 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1524-4741
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of mammography of breast cancer in women less than 30 years old. A retrospective record review revealed 47 breast cancers in 45 women age 29 and younger who had preoperative mammography. Patients ranged in age from 22 to 29 years (mean = 27 years). All presented with clinically evident disease. Mammography revealed focal abnormality in 26 (55.3%) of 47 cases. Specific positive mammographic findings (n = 22) included uncalcified mass in ten (45.5%), calcification without mass in nine (40.9%), mass and calcifications in two (9.1%), and skin ulceration in one. Mammographic parenchymal density (n= 21) was P2 in 9 (42.9%) and DY in 12 (57.1%). The mean time interval from symptom onset to biopsy was 4.5 months, but was shorter if the mammogram was positive. High parenchymal density contributes to the diminished sensitivity of mammography in women under age 30. A positive mammogram may hasten the diagnosis of carcinoma in a young woman with palpable malignant breast disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Mutations in the BRCA2 gene are responsible for approximately half of hereditary breast cancer2,7. Women with BRCA2 mutations appear to have the same breast cancer risk as BRCA1 mutation carriers, and, although not as high as in BRCAl-linked kindreds2, are also at an increased risk for ovarian ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of surgery 18 (1994), S. 81-86 
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La dénomination “carcinome du sein localement avancé” (CSLA) regroupe un nombre important de patientes dont le pronostic est variable. En dépit d'un public général et médical de plus en plus averti, 10 à 15% des femmes américaines avaient, en 1991, un CSLA au moment du premier diagnostic. Ceci correspond à 175900 femmes dont 17000 ayant un CSLA. Avec une telle prévalence, la fréquence du CSLA est plus élevée que celle de la maladie de Hodgkin, le cancer différencié de la thyroïde ou le cancer invasif du col utérin. Pouvoir proposer un plan thérapeutique uniforme des CSLA n'est pas facile en raison de la diversité clinique de la maladie (il y a 13 combinaisons possibles et la classification TMN actuelle des stades III comporte des tumeurs minimes avec envahissement axillaire important ainsi que de volumineuses tumeurs avec envahissement axillaire minime). L'analyse rétrospective des résultats est difficile car l'American Joint Committee Staging System a changé au moins quatre fois depuis 1962 et qu'il existe au moins deux autres systèmes de classification de gravité (Manchester et la Columbia Clinical Classification System). Ceci explique pourquoi il est difficile de formuler une approche thérapeutique standardisé pour les femmes ayant un CSLA. Le traitement local, soit par la chirurgie seule, soit par la radiothérapie est associé à un taux de récidive à distance élevée, suggérant que des micrométastases sont présentes dans la majorité des cas. Une stratégie multimodale, comportant une exérèse locale et un traitement systémique agressif est obligatoire.
    Abstract: Resumen La denominación taxonómica “cáncer mamario localmente avanzado” (CMLA) comprende un significativo número de pacientes con pronósticos variables. A pesar de la incrementada preocupación por el cáncer mamario por parte tanto del público como de los médicos, 10% a 15% de las mujeres con cáncer del seno presentan CMLA en el momento del diagnóstico. En el año 1991, en los Estado Unidos se diagnosticaron 175.900 mujeres con cáncer mamario, de las cuales más de 17.000 presentaban CMLA. Esto significa que la entidad es más frecuente que la Enfermedad de Hodgkin, el carcinoma diferenciado de la glándula tiroides y el carcinoma invasivo del cervix. La diversidad biológica de esta enfermedad impide definir un tratamiento uniforme para el CMLA: existen 13 combinaciones posibles con base en el sistema TNM actual de estadificación para el cáncer mamario Estado III, que van desde tumores mínimos con invasión axilar voluminosa hasta grandes tumores con invasión axilar microscópica. La interpretación retrospectiva de información pertinente al CMLA es difícil, por cuanto el sistema de Estadificación de la Comisión Conjunta (American Joint Committee & Taging System) ha cambiado por lo menos cuatro veces desde 1962, y por lo menos otros dos sistemas de clasificación han sido utilizados: el sistema de Manchester y el sistema de clasificación de la Universidad de Columbia. Tales factores se combinan para hacer muy dificil la evaluación de los resultados del tratamiento o la formulación de un enfoque terapéutico unificado en mujeres con CMLA. El tratamiento local sólo, bien sea por ablación quirúrgica o por radioterapia, se asocia con una tasa elevada de falla sistémica, lo cual sugiere que en la mayoría de los casos exista enfermedad micrometastásica. Por lo tanto, es necesario emplear una estrategia multimodal que acentúe tanto el control local como una agresiva terapia sistémica.
    Notes: Abstract The management of locally advanced breast cancer with single modality therapy has been associated with a high rate of systemic failure. A multimodality treatment strategy that includes induction cytotoxic chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, and, possibly, hormonal ablation therapy is the current preferred management approach. As our knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms involved in mitogenic signal transduction improve, it is likely that less toxic, more effications agents will emerge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Two genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, have been estimated to account for 60–80% of heritable predisposition to breast cancer1–3, 8, 9. The presence of a germline mutation in one of these genes increases the likelihood that breast and ovarian cancer will develop at an earlier age. Mutations in the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of surgical oncology 4 (1997), S. 310-315 
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Microsatellite ; Instability ; Breast carcinoma ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Microsatellites are short repetitive nucleotide sequences that, through mutation, can undergo either expansion or contraction. This novel mutational mechanism known as microsatellite instability may play a role in carcinogenesis. We investigated the incidence of microsatellite instability in a series of primary breast carcinoma surgical specimens. Methods: Using polymerase chain reaction techniques followed by polyacrylamide/urea gel electrophoresis, we analyzed 46 pairs of normal and primary breast tumor samples at seven different microsatellite loci, five of which were located on chromosome 17. Results: Thirteen of our 46 tumors (28.2%) demonstrated microsatellite instability. Five tumors (10.8%) were unstable at two or more loci, and of those, four (8.7%) were unstable at different loci on different chromosomes. An additional five tumors demonstrated loss of heterozygosity alone when compared with their normal counterparts. Conclusions: These findings indicate that microsatellite instability is present in primary breast cancer populations and, although the mechanism of action has yet to be elucidated, may play a role in breast carcinogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Breast cancer, prognosis ; Breast cancer, men
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Considerable debate exists concerning the prognosis of breast cancer in male patients compared with that in female patients. Some studies have observed worse prognosis for men; others suggested the higher mortality rates were primarily due to delayed diagnosis. Methods: Survival time from diagnosis with invasive disease to death resulting from breast cancer of 58 men treated between 1973 and 1989 was compared with survival of 174 women treated between 1976 and 1978 who were matched by stage of disease and age at diagnosis. All patients were treated by mastectomy and axillary dissection. Results: Tumors were ⩽2 cm in 70% of cases and 55% were free of axillary metastases. The histology of the tumors differed significantly by gender (p〈0.05). Significantly more men had estrogen receptor-positive tumors (87%) than did women (55%, p〈0.001). Survival at 10 years was similar for male and female patients. Multivariate analysis controlling for tumor size, number of positive axillary lymph nodes, age at diagnosis, histology, and receptor status indicated no significant difference in survival of male compared with female patients. Conclusions: These data conflict with the conventional wisdom that breast cancer in men carries a worse prognosis than the disease in women. Although histology of the tumor and receptor status differed by gender, these factors did not have an impact on survival in these paired patients. Our data indicate that breast carcinoma in males is not biologically more aggressive than in females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: p16 ; (CDKN2) ; MTS1 ; Breast carcinoma ; Microdissection ; Genetic alterations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: The p16 gene (CDKN2), a tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 9p21, has been demonstrated to be mutated or deleted with high frequency in a variety of tumor cell lines, including breast. While previous studies have not demonstratedCDKN2 mutations in primary breast carcinomas, it is possible that gene deletion in neoplastic DNA was masked by the presence of contaminating normal stromal DNA in breast carcinoma specimens. Methods: We investigated the incidence of homozygous deletion ofCDKN2 by analyzing 20 microdissected pure populations of primary breast carcinoma cells. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, the entire coding region and intervening introns ofCDKN2 were amplified. The PCR products were resolved by agarose gel electrophoresis and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Results: We detected no deletions or mutations of the p16 gene. Conclusions: CDKN2 is not deleted with high frequency in primary breast carcinomas, and the p16 gene does not play a role in breast carcinogenesis via this mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Sentinel lymph nodes ; Frozen section ; Macrometastases ; Micrometastases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Routine intraoperative frozen section (FS) of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) can detect metastatic disease, allowing immediate axillary dissection and avoiding the need for reoperation. Routine FS is also costly, increases operative time, and is subject to false-negative results. We examined the benefit of routine intraoperative FS among the first 1000 patients at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center who had SLN biopsy for breast cancer. Methods: We performed SLN biopsy with intraoperative FS in 890 consecutive breast cancer patients, none of whom had a back-up axillary dissection planned in advance. Serial sections and immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratins were performed on all SLN that proved negative on FS. The sensitivity of FS was determined as a function of (1) tumor size and (2) volume of metastatic disease in the SLN, and the benefit of FS was defined as the avoidance of a reoperative axillary dissection. Results: The sensitivity of FS ranged from 40% for patients with T1a to 76% for patients with T2 cancers. The volume of SLN metastasis was highly correlated with tumor size, and FS was far more effective in detecting macrometastatic disease (sensitivity 92%) than micrometastases (sensitivity 17%). The benefit of FS in avoiding reoperative axillary dissection ranged from 4% for T1a (6 of 143) to 38% for T2 (45 of 119) cancers. Conclusions: In breast cancer patients having SLN biopsy, the failure of routine intraoperative FS is largely the failure to detect micrometastatic disease. The benefit of routine intraoperative FS increases with tumor size. Routine FS may not be indicated in patients with the smallest invasive cancers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of surgical oncology 5 (1998), S. 23-27 
    ISSN: 1534-4681
    Keywords: Early breast cancer ; Axillary lymph node metastases ; Axillary dissection ; Regional metastases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: We investigated the incidence of axillary lymph node metastases in patients with T1a (⩽0.5 cm) and T1b (〉0.5 cm and ⩽1.0 cm) breast cancers. Methods: The charts of 2000 patients who underwent axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer at our institution from 1989 to 1991 were reviewed. Of these, 81 patients had T1a and 166 had T1b primary breast cancers. Results: Among the 247 patients with T1a and T1b breast cancers, nodal metastases were present in 30 (12.1%), with a 7.4% positivity rate for patients with T1a and 14.5% positivity rate for T1b tumors. Of the 212 patients who had ⩾10 nodes dissected, 29 (13.7%) had positive nodes. Of those, 6 of 60 (10.0%) patients with T1a and 23 of 152 (15.1%) with T1b tumors had positive nodes. The presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) predicted a significantly higher nodal positivity rate (27.8% vs. 10.9%,p=0.05). Conclusions: Of patients with adequately evaluated axillae, 10% with T1a and 15% with T1b cancers were found to have nodal metastases. Although LVI was significantly associated with a higher risk of lymph node metastases, we could not characterize any subgroup at acceptably low risk of nodal positivity. Until a more useful prognostic indicator is discovered, axillary dissection should continue to be part of the mainstay of management for small breast cancers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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