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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analytic regularization, electromagnetic mass differences and π^O-〉2γ decay
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Physics, Section B 18 (1970), S. 267-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0550-3213
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0550-3213(70)90292-0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in extracellular potassium during the spontaneous activity of medullary respiratory neurones (1978)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 376 (1978), S. 139-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Extracellular potassium activity ; Medullary respiratory neurones ; Spontaneous activity ; Vagal nerve stimulation ; Synchronization ; Synaptic transmission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In 34 cats, the changes in extracellular potassium ion activity (aK) and extracellular spike activity within the pool of respiratory neurones in the dorsormedial and ventrolateral medulla were recorded using microelectrodes filled with a liquid potassium ion exchange resin. Cyclic changes in aK which parallel central respiratory activity were restricted to those regions where respiratory neurones are known to be localized. The largest changes in aK (0.1–0.3 mmol · l−1) were found within the ventral pool of inspiratory neurones. The aK increased during inspiration in parallel with the pattern of phrenic nerve activity. The smallest changes in aK (0.02–0.06 mmol · l−1) were observed within the ventral pool of expiratory neurones. Here, aK showed a transient increase during both inspiration and expiration. Within the dorsal pool of inspiratory neurones, small fluctuations of aK were observed paralleling phrenic nerve activity and the afferent discharge of the intact vagal nerves. After the vagal nerves were cut, the changes in aK then paralleled phrenic nerve activity. The variations in aK within the ventral pool of respiratory neurones did not change after bilateral section of vagal nerves. Repetitive stimulation of the vagal nerves (0.1–0.5V, 0.05 ms) produced an increase in aK only within the dorsal pool of inspiratory neurones, whereas repetitive spinal cord stimulation (5–10V, 0.05 ms) resulted in an increase of aK within the ventral pool of respiratory neurones. The amplitude of the cyclic changes in aK increased significantly whenever the electrode approached individual respiratory neurones as verified by the amplitude and shape of the spikes recorded by the reference barrel. The maximal changes in aK then reached a peak amplitude of 1.3–1.5 mmol · l−1, the pattern of aK changes resembling that measured within the pools of neurones. The aK started to rise prior to the discharge of action potentials, indicating that the efflux of K+-ions was produced as a consequence of synaptic transmission. The functional importance of these changes in extracellular potassium is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00581577
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for a monosynaptic connection between slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptor afferents and inspiratory beta neurones (1984)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 402 (1984), S. 129-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Inspiratory neurones ; Slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors ; Spike triggered averaging ; Neural control of respiration ; Connectivity of respiratory neurones ; Nuclei of the tractus solitarius ; Hering-Breuer reflex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The synaptic connection between slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptor afferents and inspiratory neurones within a region ventral to the tractus solitarius was determined using intracellular recording and spike triggered averaging techniques. When the vagus nerve was stimulated at intensities eliciting a Hering-Breuer reflex, the difference in mean latency between centrally recorded action potentials of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptor afferents and e.p.s.p.s of inspiratory beta neurones was 0.2 ms. This difference is indicative of a monosynaptic connection. Extracellular single unit spikes of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors recorded from the nodose ganglion were used to trigger the averaging of synaptic noise recorded from inspiratory neurones. A prominent wave of synaptic depolarization was observed in all inspiratory beta neurones even when a small number of sweeps were averaged. This depolarization was absent from inspiratory alpha neurones. The shape indices of these depolarizations are consistent with a monosynaptic connection between slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptor afferents and inspiratory beta neurones. In addition, the data raise the possibility that this connection is multiple and distributed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00583324
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the synaptic interconnection between bulbar respiratory neurones of cats (1979)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 380 (1979), S. 245-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Medullary respiratory neurones ; Intracellular recordings ; Reciprocal inhibition ; Recurrent inhibition ; Respiratory gating ; Rhythm generation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In cats anaesthetized with pentobarbital, medullary respiratory neurones of both dorsal and ventral populations were recorded intracellularly with 1 mol·l−1 KCl-electrodes. The neurones were classified according to the projection of their axons to the spinal cord (bulbospinal neurones) or to the vagal nerves (vagal neurones). Those neurones which could not be activated antidromically (NAA-neurones) by either procedure were subdivided into (inspiratory) Rβ-neurones, which were monosynaptically excited by lung stretch receptor afferents, and into inspiratory and expiratory NAA-neurones, which did not receive a direct synaptic input, from these afferents. All types of neurone investigated revealed postsynaptic activity during both inspiration and expiration. The periods when synaptic activity was minimal were the periods of transition between respiratory phases. The input resistance of most respiratory neurones varied in parallel with the respiratory cycle. A drastic fall of the input resistance during expiration was observed in Rβ-neurones and in some inspiratory vagal neurones. This was not seen in inspiratory bulbospinal neurones. In stable intracellular recordings, periodic postsynaptic inhibition was demonstrated in 52 of 53 respiratory neurones by IPSP reversal following chloride injection. Maximal membrane potential then was generally reached during one of the periods of respiratory phase transition. Reasons for the failure of others to demonstrate these IPSPs are presented and discrepancies between other findings and these are discussed. It is concluded that reciprocal inhibition between bulbar respiratory neurones does exist and is a general phenomenon. It is argued that reciprocal inhibition is the fundamental mechanism underlying respiratory gating of afferent inputs. The probable existence of recurrent inhibition is inferred from the changes in the pattern of membrane depolarization during the active period of neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00582903
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Similarity of unitary Ca 2+ currents in three different species (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 156-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In our experiments, invertebrate neurones were represented by identified pacemaker cells3 of Helix pomatia, vertebrate neurones by cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells from chick (Gallus gallus)4, and vertebrate secretory cells by the PC 12 line of cultured rat (Rattus rattus) adrenal ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/299156a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological and electrical description of medullary respiratory neurons of the cat (1977)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 372 (1977), S. 7-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Respiratory neurons ; Procion yellow ; Morphology ; Membrane properties ; Electrotonic characteristics ; Synaptic inputs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activity of 32 respiratory neurons located within the retroambigual region of the lower brain stem was recorded intracellulary and the neurons were stained using Procion Yellow. Inspiratory and expiratory bulbospinal (BS), vagal (V) neurons were identified by stimulation within the ventrolateral portions of the cervical spinal cord and the vagal nerves. Another group of inspiratory and expiratory neurons was not antidromically activated by such stimulations (NAA-neurons). A general feature of the retroambigual region seemed to be that neurons were clustered with rich overlapping of the dendritic trees. Dendritic overlapping was also seen at neighbouring respiratory neurons which had been stained by Procion Yellow. These clusters of cells were surrounded by a mass of myelinated axons, which ran predominantly in a longitudinal direction. The morphology of the cell somata, axons, and the dendritic trees was reconstructed from histological sections. The shapes of individual respiratory neurons of the different types were then investigated. The mean surface area of the somata was 5900 μm2 in V-neurons, 3800 μm2 in BS-neurons and 1800 μm2 in NAA-neurons. The dendritic tree extended over a length of up to 400 μm in BS- and V-neurons and over a length of up to 200 μm in NAA-neurons. The dendrites of respiratory neurons spread mainly in dorsomedial and ventrolateral directions. The axons of BS- and V-neurons coursed dorsomedially and acquired a myelin sheath some 30–50 μm away from the cell body. The input resistance of the neurons and the time constants for passive voltage decay transients produced by current pulse injection were estimated during the different periods of the respiratory cycle. The length and diameter of the dendritic segments were measured and the combined dendritic trunk parameter (Σd 3/2) was calculated. This parameter decreased with increasing electrotonic length of the dendrites. These results, in combination with the morphological data, indicate that respiratory neurons receive a tonic synaptic input. Additionally, these measurements have revealed cyclic changes of synaptic input to remote portions of the dendritic tree which seem to exert a significant influence on neuronal activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00582200
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical properties of oligodendrocytes in culture (1984)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 401 (1984), S. 324-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Membrane properties ; Oligodendrocytes ; Neuroglia ; Electrical properties ; Potassium ; Mouse ; Spinal cord ; Nervous system ; Culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The electrical properties of immunocytologically identified oligondendrocytes from embryonic mouse spinal cord maintained in culture for 3 to 6 weeks were studied by passing current and recording potential changes with two separate intracellular electrodes. The average input resistance was 3.3 M Ω and ranged from 0.7 to 16 M Ω (n=35). The input resistance increased by 19% with depolarization and decreased by 9% with hyperpolarization of 25 mV. The membrane time constant determined from the slope of the late exponential tail was 3.45±2.5 ms SD (n=15). The specific membrane resistance of three cells was determined by a simplified square pulse analysis combined with measurement of membrane area. Membrane area was estimated from photomicrographs of cells injected with Lucifer Yellow CH and stained with the cell surface-reactive antibody 04 and from electron micrographs. An average specific membrane resistance of 1.3×103 Ωcm2 and specific capacitance of 1.7 μF/cm2 were calculated. Increasing [K+]o depolarized the cells and decreased the input resistance and the time constant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584331
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