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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Medicine 44 (1993), S. 385-393 
    ISSN: 0066-4219
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 31 (1959), S. 1717-1722 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Acta Psychologica 58 (1985), S. 115-122 
    ISSN: 0001-6918
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
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    New Haven, Conn., etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Religious Education. 22 (1927:Jan./Dec.) 741 
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 510-512 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 12% of night nurses surveyed claimed to have suffered from a totally incapacitating paralysis that may be related to sleep paralysis, and contribute to impaired levels of safety on the night shift. The incidence of this paralysis is shown to be age-related, largely confined to the early hours of the morning, and to increase over consecutive night shifts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 54 (1984), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Temperature rhythm ; Watchkeeping systems ; Ships ; Cosinor analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oral temperature data were collected from 12 members of the crew of an oil tanker at sea. Most of the personnel examined were engaged on watchkeeping duties on a ‘4 on, 8 off’ fixed-hours system; the remainder included 3 “day-workers”. The study commenced after the subjects had been following their particular work schedules continuously for several weeks, thus providing good opportunity for adaptation to them. Observations were made at 4-hourly intervals during waking hours, over a period ranging from 8 to 13 days in individual cases. The form of the mean curves produced by averaging the readings over all days indicated that a reasonable degree of adjustment of the temperature rhythm to the different sleep/wake routines imposed by the work system had occurred. Estimates of rhythm phase and amplitude obtained by “single cosinor” time series analyses of the sequential data supported this impression. However, further investigations are needed to substantiate these findings, and also to determine how long it takes for the rhythm adjustment process to reach completion in inexperienced workers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Time zone crossing ; Watchkeeping ; Circadian rhythms ; Human performance ; Subjective alertness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Daily diary records of sleep and activity, and 4-h measurements of body temperature, performance and subjective alertness were collected on board ship from 15 watchkeepers on the 4-on/8-off system, and from 28 dayworkers, on both westward and eastward transatlantic voyages. The data from a balanced sample of the subjects were analysed over selected 8-d periods of the voyages where four or five time zones were crossed. During these periods the average amount of daily sleep obtained by dayworkers on the eastward voyage was more than 1 h less than that on the westward voyage, and its quality was rated lower. Watchkeepers' main sleep was also shorter when travelling eastward, but this reduction was partially compensated for by a slightly longer secondary sleep. With the exception of subjective alertness on the eastward voyage, the basic phase of the circadian rhythms in the measured variables adjusted appropriately to the clock changes associated with the time zone crossings. The normal shape of the average daily curves was, however, altered differentially in the two directions of travel; as a result, morning levels of all variables were lower on the eastward voyage than on the westward, but evening levels were higher. These distortions of rhythm waveforms, which probably arose from a combination of endogenous and exogenous factors, add another dimension to the basic problem caused by the effects of circadian rhythms on operational efficiency in the shipboard situation. This problem can only be solved by the development of alternative watchkeeping systems which take full account of these rhythms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Human ecology 10 (1982), S. 495-511 
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: birth seasonality ; Inuit ; Abelam ; biorhythms ; sociorhythms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This article examines birth seasonality in two environmentally and ethnographically distinct societies: the Copper Inuit of the Central Canadian Arctic and the Samukundi Abelam of Papua New Guinea. Although the regions inhabited by these societies differ dramatically in degrees of seasonal variation, both populations display significant seasonality in conceptions and births. For the Copper Inuit, such seasonal variation was found to be the consequence of social and economic responses to extreme environmental change. Birth seasonality for the Samukundi Abelam is also pronounced and was determined to be the result of social ideologies which are only indirectly linked to environmental factors. The article also proposes a research paradigm designed to facilitate the cross-cultural investigation of birth seasonality in human populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Watchkeeping ; Physiological functions ; Circadian rhythms ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oral and rectal temperature, urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline, and heart rate were measured in 28 watchkeepers working a “4-on/8-off” routine, and in 25 dayworkers, on board ships. Readings of oral temperature were taken over 4-hourly periods of up to two weeks; the rectal temperature, urine, and heart rate data were collected on selected days within these periods. Analysis of watchkeepers' temperatures and unconjugated catecholamine excretions showed slight signs of an interactive adaptation to time of day and hours of work, but it was clear that full phase adjustment of the circadian rhythms to shifted hours of work did not occur. The “split” pattern of sleep imposed by the watch system may be a major factor in preventing complete adaptation of physiological rhythms to shift work in the shipboard situation; this problem could be overcome by devising a system that allows sleep to be taken in a single uninterrupted block each day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Sleep length ; Sleep quality ; Sleep timing ; Watchkeeping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sleep length and sleep quality scores were collected on board ships over periods of up to two weeks from 38 watchkeepers working a ‘4-on/8-off routine’ and 29 dayworkers. All watchkeepers exhibited fragmented sleeping patterns, which indicated a lack of adaptation of the sleep/wakefulness cycle to the hours of work. There were only slight differences in total sleep length between watchkeepers and dayworkers, however, both groups did not obtain an adequate amount of sleep. Within the watchkeeping crews the 3rd Officers had by far the shortest sleep length. Concerning sleep quality, daytime sleep was generally given the lowest ratings, whereas sleep starting before midnight was on average evaluated as the best, both by watchkeepers and dayworkers. Watchkeeping personnel do not normally have any “days off” during a voyage so that missed sleep might even amount to a sleep deficit. A solution for this problem could perhaps be a new, stabilized system that allows a single uninterrupted sleep, which is required for full recuperation, to be taken each day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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