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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Gamma-Knife ; Radiochirurgie ; Linearbeschleuniger ; Konvergenzbestrahlung ; Konformationsbestrahlung ; Key words Gamma knife ; Radiosurgery ; Linear accelerator ; Convergent beam irradiation ; Conformation radiotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Introduction: The principles of radiosurgery were developed in 1951 by Leksell. Their technical realization led to the development of the gamma knife and stereotactically modified linear accelerator. Methods: In addition to the gamma knife, we present the different principles of convergent beam irradiation (radiosurgery with linear accelerator), the further development to fractionated stereotactic conformal radiotherapy, and the necessary quality-assurance steps. Results: The greatest uncertainties in the precision of radiosurgery result from medical imaging (CT 0.7 × 0.7 × 1 mm; DSA 1–5 mm; MR angiography 〈 2 mm). The focusing accuracy of the gamma knife (± 0.3 mm) can also be achieved today by linear accelerators using a stereotactic floorstand. For the same indication and the same dosage for the target volume, there are no clinical differences between the gamma knife and the linear accelerator (AVM: 80 % complete obliteration; metastases: 85 % local tumor control; AN: 90 % tumor control). However, there are greater differences in costs. There is no constellation where the gamma knife is just as expensive or more cost-effective than the linear accelerator treatment. The most cost-effective solution is modification of an available linear accelerator, resulting in treatment costs per patient of 9,201.25 DM (50 patients/year). Conclusion: There seem to be no methodological, physical, clinical or cost reasons for using a gamma knife, especially because the trend is going towards fractionated conformation radiotherapy instead of the application of high single doses.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Einführung: Die Prinzipien der Radiochirurgie wurden 1951 von Leksell entwickelt. Die technische Realisierung führte zur Entwicklung von Gamma-Knife und stereotaktisch umgerüstetem Linearbeschleuniger. Methode: Neben dem Gamma-Knife werden die unterschiedlichen Prinzipien der Konvergenzbestrahlung (Radiochirurgie mit Linearbeschleuniger), deren Weiterentwicklung zur fraktionierten stereotaktischen Konformationsbestrahlung und die notwendigen Qualitätssicherungsmaßnahmen dargestellt. Ergebnisse: Die größten Unsicherheiten in der Präzision der Radiochirurgie ergeben sich aus den bildgebenden Verfahren (CT 0,7 × 0,7 × 1 mm, DSA 1–5 mm, MR-Angiographie 〈 2 mm). Die Fokussiergenauigkeit des Gamma-Knife von ± 0,3 mm kann heutzutage auch von Linearbeschleunigern bei Verwendung eines Stereotaxiestativs erreicht werden. Bei gleicher Indikationsstellung und gleicher zielvolumenumschließender Dosierung ergeben sich keine klinischen Unterschiede zwischen Gamma-Knife und Linearbeschleuniger (AVM: 80 % vollständige Obliteration; Metastasen: 85 % lokale Tumorkontrolle; AN: 90 % Tumorkontrolle). Um so größer sind die Unterschiede bei den Kosten. Es gibt keine Konstellation, bei der das Gamma-Knife gleich teuer oder billiger ist als eine Linearbeschleunigerbehandlung. Die kostengünstigste Lösung ist die Umrüstung eines bestehenden Linearbeschleunigers, wobei Behandlungskosten von 9201,25 DM pro Patient (bei 50 Patienten/Jahr) entstehen. Zusammenfassung: Es lassen sich keine methodisch-physikalischen, klinischen oder Kostengründe finden, die für die Verwendung eines Gamma-Knife sprechen, insbesondere da die Entwicklung sich von der Applikation hoher Einzeitdosen zur fraktionierten Konformationsbestrahlung hinwendet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Glioma ; Blood-brain barrier ; Tight junction ; Claudin ; Pericytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study was to characterize the interendothelial junctions in tumor microvessels of five cases of human glioblastoma multiforme. In addition to morphological analysis, tumors were screened for the expression of junctional proteins, such as occludin, claudin-1, ZO-1 and catenins. The expression of the tight junction protein claudin-1 was lost in the majority of tumor microvessels, whereas claudin-5 and occludin were significantly down-regulated only in hyperplastic vessels. As shown by freeze-fracture analysis, under the conditions of tumor growth tight junction particles of endothelial cells were almost exclusively associated with the exocytoplasmic fracture face, providing evidence for a switch of the particles from the protoplasmic to the external leaflet of the endothelial membrane. These results suggest a relationship between claudin-1 suppression and the alteration of tight junction morphology, which is likely to correlate with the increase of endothelial permeability. Underlining the undifferentiated state of tumor microvessels, plakoglobin, a crucial protein for mature endothelial junctions, was not detectable in most microvessels, whereas β-catenin was abundantly labeled. In this context, it is of particular interest that the majority of microvascular pericytes were negative for alpha-smooth muscle actin, which is a marker of differentiated pericytes, although pericytes were frequently found in electron micrographs. In conclusion, the data suggest that the increase in microvascular permeability in human gliomas, contributing to the clinically severe symptoms of brain edema, is a result of a dysregulation of junctional proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1433-4909
    Keywords: Key words Catechol 2 ; 3-dioxygenase ; Bacillus thermoleovorans ; Thermophilic ; Enzyme stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase from the thermophilic Bacillus thermoleovorans A2 was purified and characterized. The catechol 2,3-dioxygenase has a molecular mass of 135 000 Da and consists of four identical subunits of 34 700 Da. One iron per enzyme subunit was detected using atom absorption spectroscopy. Enzyme activity was not inhibited by EDTA, suggesting that the iron is tightly bound. Addition of hydrogen peroxide to the enzyme completely destroyed activity, indicating that the iron was in the divalent state. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 4.8. The enzyme displayed optimal activity at pH 7.2 and 70°C. The half-life of the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase at the optimum temperature was 1.5 min under aerobic conditions and 10 min in a nitrogen atmosphere. This stability of the enzyme is comparable to the stability of the enzyme from the mesophilic Pseudomonas putida mt-2. The stability of the cloned enzyme in E. coli extracts was identical to the stability in wild-type extracts, suggesting that no stabilizing factors were present in Bacillus thermoleovorans A2 In whole cells the half-life of the enzyme at 70°C was approximately 26 min, when protein synthesis was disrupted by chloramphenicol; however, the activity remained constant when protein synthesis was not inhibited. From these results we concluded that catechol 2,3-dioxygenase from Bacillus thermoleovorans A2 is not particularly thermostable, but that the organism retains the ability to degrade phenol at high temperatures because of continuous production of this enzyme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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