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  • 1
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Accurate and early diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) with reliable and noninvasive methods is of great importance for clinical practice as effective and specific antidementive therapies become available. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical relevance of event-related P300 in the early diagnosis of AD. Thirty patients with AD, 26 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from our Memory Clinic and 26 age-matched healthy controls (HC) were studied with event-related P300 potentials. Amplitudes of temporo-basal dipoles (TB-P300) were significantly diminished in AD compared to HC and MCI. Furthermore, latencies of temporo-superior dipoles (TS-P300) were significantly prolonged in AD compared with HC. Sensitivity was 90.0% for the differentiation of patients with AD from HC (specificity 79.1%) using reduced TB-P300 amplitudes and prolonged TS-P300 latencies. Similar results were found using Pz amplitudes as well as Fz latencies. Our data suggest that TB-P300 amplitudes and TS-P300 latencies may be an accurate clinically available, nonexpensive, noninvasive, and reliable marker for AD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 27 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: This study examined cognitive determinants of the postimperative negative variation (PINV). a slow brain potential observable after the onset of an imperative stimulus in a forewarned reaction time task. Controllability of the aversive imperative stimulus by a motor reaction and predictability of the contingency were varied in a factorial design. The exogenous portion of the slow negative wave was assessed in a passive listening condition using tones of the same quality as the imperative stimuli. but presented without forewarning. Results show that PINV not only occurs when control is absent but also during unpredictably gained control. Similarly, unpredictable lack of control yields a more negative potential than continual helplessness. Negativity elicited by the aversive tone alone was not significantly different from PINV during predictable lack of control. The order of conditions, which was manipulated between groups, did not affect amplitudes. It was concluded that contingency change is a crucial cognitive determinant of the PINV, whereas the effect of lack of control is difficult to differentiate from the sensory influence of the acoustic stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1543-6136
    Keywords: affective psychoses ; depression ; psychopharmacology ; major affective disorder ; suicide ; suicidal behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Data on the psychopharmacological treatment of 3792 inpatients with mono- or bipolar depression during a twelve-year period were routinely documented in a systematic way by means of an electronic data processing system. Thirty-three of these patients committed suicide while in hospital; the remaining patients were used as controls (n = 3759). To identify possible differences in the pharmacological treatment of suicides and controls the data were classified according to the following drugs and drug groups: antidepressants, neuroleptics, tranquilizers, hypnotics, lithium, biperiden, beta-adrenergic blocking drugs, placebos and others. A comparison was made of how frequently the drugs were prescribed and of the mean number of prescriptions of neuroleptics, tranquilizers and antidepressants; the latter were in addition differentiated in sedating and non-sedating drugs. Moreover the mean daily dose of frequently used substances was compared. Whereas no significant difference for the groups was found with respect to the percentage of patients undergoing neuroleptic treatment, the mean number of prescriptions of neuroleptics was significantly higher at 1.3 per patient for the suicides than for the controls at 0.8 per patient. Furthermore a tendency towards a lower frequency of the prescription of lithium together with a lower mean dosage emerged for the suicides. No other hints of differences in the psychopharmacological treatment of suicides were found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 229 (1980), S. 165-177 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: MMPI ; Computerized interpretation ; Psychological assessment ; Transcultural comparison ; MMPI ; Computergenerierter Testbefund ; Psychologische Tests ; Interkulturelle Vergleichbarkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das MMPI-Interpretationssystem von Lachar (1974), das gegenüber den bisher verfügbaren Systemen eine Reihe von Vorteilen aufweist, wurde in einer deutschen Version an 1190 stationären psychiatrischen Patienten auf seine Gültigkeit hin untersucht. Von den 153 Texten der Interpretationsbibliothek wurden diejenigen 114 Texte, die voneinander unabhängige Merkmale eines MMPI-Profils interpretieren, bei jedem Vorkommen im Einzelfall von dem behandelnden Psychiater hinsichtlich der interpretativen Treffsicherheit beurteilt. Im Durchschnitt wurden von jeweils 100 Texten 83 als „zutreffend“ bezeichnet. Bei der Analyse der einzelnen Programmteile zeigte sich, daß die Treffsicherheit bei psychopathologisch auffälligen MMPI-Profilen wesentlich höher war als bei Profilen im Normbereich. Die in dieser Untersuchung gefundenen Trefferraten korrelierten hoch mit denen der amerikanischen Originaluntersuchung, was die spezifische und replizierbare Gültigkeit der einzelnen Texte bestätigt. Das vorliegende Interpretationssystem bietet damit auf der Grundlage des MMPI eine Persönlichkeitsbeschreibung, für die in verschiedenen psychiatrischen Einsatzbereichen und verschiedenen Sprachen eine gute interpretative Treffsicherheit im Einzelfall nachgewiesen ist.
    Notes: Summary Lachar's (1974) completely documented, automated MMPI interpretational system was translated into German and analyzed regarding validity and generalizability in 1190 German psychiatric inpatients. The 114 paragraphs of the text library, each interpreting independent aspects of the MMPI profile, were rated for their accuracy in each individual report by the psychiatrist in charge for the respective patient. As an average, 83 of every 100 printed paragraphs were rated as ‘accurate.’ Further analysis revealed that the accuracy of paragraphs describing elevated MMPI profiles was substantially higher than in those describing profiles within the normal range. Accuracy rates of individual paragraphs correlated significantly (r=0.61) with those reported by Lachar, thus confirming the specific accuracy of each paragraph. It is concluded that the present MMPI interpretational system offers descriptive clinical reports that have shown a high accuracy in culturally diverse psychiatric settings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 248 (1998), S. 141-147 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Key words Affective psychoses ; Depression ; Psychopathology ; Risk factors ; Suicide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Research on identifying the relevant risk factors for suicides is faced with a multitude of methodological problems. The present study attempts to improve on some of these problems and to isolate those risk factors that are accessible in the early stages of the treatment of inpatients. A total of 3792 inpatients with monopolar or bipolar depression were treated during the period 1981–1992. Suicides (n = 33) and controls (n = 3759) were compared with respect to 77 sociodemographic and anamnestic variables and 195 standardised items of the admission summary. In addition to an analysis of contingency tables a discriminant analysis was performed. The suicide rate of patients with depressive psychosis was 2.7 times higher than the average rate of 0.324% for the entire clinic. Suicidal tendencies on admission proved to be the best predictor with a frequency of 91% in the suicide group and 40% in the control group, previous attempted suicide being the second best predictor. We conclude that the rate of inpatient suicide may have been underestimated for methodological reasons in the past decades. Many of the risk factors discussed in the literature may be of little predictive value at least in the initial stages of hospital treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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