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  • 1
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis ; Ki 67 ; Synovial lining cells ; B and T lymphocytes ; Dysmorphic follicle ; Antigen-presenting cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We analysed the proliferative activity of synovial lining cells (SLCs), the distribution of proliferating B and T lymphocytes and the relationship of proliferating B and T lymphocytes to the pattern of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) within the rheumatoid synovial tissue (n=21). The immunohistochemical detection of the proliferation-associated antigen Ki 67 revealed low proliferative activity of SCL with and without expression of the Kim 8 (CD 68) antigen. Ki 67-positive B lymphocytes could be observed within secondary follicles (2/21), in small follicular dendritic reticulum cell (FDC)-containing follicle-like aggregates (7/21) and near the enlarged synovial intima (6/21). Ki 67-positive T lymphocytes could be detected in T-lymphocyte aaggregates (8/21), in the vicinity of blood vessels (18/21) and within the enlarged synovial intima (15/21). Semiquantitative analysis showed a strong correlation between the numbers of Ki 67-positive B lymphocytes and FDCs and between the numbers of Ki 67-positive T lymphocytes and interdigitating dendritic reticulum cells (IDC). There were significant differences in the number of Ki 67-positive B and T lymphocytes, IDCs and FDCs between the two groups of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with different local clinical activity. These findings demonstrate a low proliferation of SLCs with and without expression of the monocyte-specific antigen Kim 8 and imply that B and T lymphocyte proliferation occurs in the presence of FDCs and IDCs. These results indicate that the RA synovial tissue is a site for antigen-dependent proliferation and maturation of B and T lymphocytes. The atypical pattern of FDC distribution within the rheumatoid synovial tissue “dysmorphic follicle” may be regarded as morphological substrate for a dysmaturation compartment of B lymphocytes leading to pathogenetic autoimmune phenomena in RA patients.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Key words Psoriatic arthritis ; Cellular infiltrate ; Macrophage ; T lymphocyte ; Interleukin-8
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Psoriatic arthritis is an inflammatory arthropathy that ultimately can lead to joint destruction. In this study, we investigated the immunophenotype of the inflammatory cells and the expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8), which is the hallmark chemoattractant cytokine of psoriasis in synovial membranes from patients exhibiting active psoriatic synovitis (n=9). The tissue samples were examined by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis and in situ hybridisation. The inflammatory infiltrate consisted predominantly of CD3+ T lymphocytes, with a higher proportion of CD4+ than CD8+ T lymphocytes in six cases. CD3+ T lymphocytes were focally distributed near small blood vessels and the enlarged synovial intima. CD1+ interdigitating reticulum cells were not detected. CD22+ B lymphocytes and plasma cells were found in small aggregates without KiM4+ follicular dendritic cells. KiM8+ macrophages were located in the synovial intima and were distributed in a diffuse pattern near the synovial lining cells. CD15+ neutrophil granulocytes were detected in four cases. They were preferentially located in the vicinity of blood vessels and the synovial intima. IL-8 was found at a high level in the synovial lining cells and to a lesser extent in cells located in the perivascular areas. Immunofluorescence double staining showed IL-8 to be expressed in KiM8+ multinucleated giant cells, KiM8+ macrophages and CD3+ T lymphocytes. IL-8 receptor A was demonstrated in the synovial lining and in macrophages and lymphocytes. IL-8 was detected by immunoblot analysis of the synovial tissue at 8.4 kD. Employing in situ hybridisation, IL-8 mRNA was strongly and preferentially expressed in the synovial intima, as well as in macrophages and lymphocytes. The immunophenotype of the psoriatic arthritis inflammatory cells shows great similarity to the inflammatory infiltrate found in the synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The preferential expression of IL-8 and IL-8 mRNA in the enlarged synovial intima and in lymphocytes and macrophages suggests that IL-8 exerts its action through activated mononuclear cells and T lymphocytes. It seems to play a role in regulating leucocyte traffic into the enlarged synovial intima and may contribute to the aggressive synovitis of patients with psoriatic arthritis.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Key words Rheumatoid arthritis ; sICAM-1 ; Endothelial cells ; Synovial tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this research was to investigate the cellular source of soluble ICAM-1 (siCAM-1) from rheumatoid synovial tissue (RS) and its relation to sICAM-1 in synovial fluid (SF) and serum, and to study the expression of ICAM-1 in isolated cells of RS. sICAM-1 was determined by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot analysis in supernatants from RS cultured for short periods (n = 19), in SF (n = 7) and in serum (n = 19). ICAM-1 expression, vascularization and inflammatory infiltration (CD3, CD68, CD22) were characterized immunohistochemically in cytospin preparations (n = 18), cryosections (n = 18) and in conventionally stained paraffin sections (n = 19) of RS. The degree of RS vascularization was analysed morphometrically in immunohistochemically stained cryosections (factor VIII related antigen). We found 90-kD sICAM-1 in supernatants of cultured cells, in SF and in sera. sICAM-1 in cellular supernatant correlated significantly (P 〈 0.01) with SF sICAM-1. The amount of sICAM in cellular supernatants showed no correlation to the score of inflammatory infiltration, but correlated significantly (P 〈 0.001) with the vascularization index of RS. The percentage of ICAM-1-expressing cells correlated significantly (P 〈 0.001) with the percentage of CD68-positive macrophages, but not with CD3- and CD22-positive lymphocytes. Macrophages, multinucleated giant cells and endothelial cells exhibited a higher expression of ICAM-1 as compared to lymphocytes and fibroblasts. The differential expression of ICAM-1 on infiltrating leucocytes and resident cells of RS indicates a functional role of ICAM-1 in the local inflammatory process. SF sICAM-1 originated in RS, but serum sICAM-1 did not. Shedding of sICAM-1 by RS was independent of inflammatory infiltration, but depended on the degree of vascularization, indicating that endothelial cells are the major source of sICAM-1 in RS.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Rotatorenmanschettenruptur ; Diagnostik ; Begutachtung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Autoren widmen sich in einer umfassenden Abhandlung der Thematik der unfallbedingten Rotatorenmanschettenläsion. Auf der Grundlage einer aktuellen Literaturübersicht wird zunächst zu den Grundlagen zu Anatomie, Biomechanik und Pathogenese Stellung genommen. Hieraus lassen sich potenziell geeignete und ungeeignete Unfallmechanismen ableiten, welche im Detail aufgeführt werden. Vor dem Hintergrund der überwiegend degenerativen Rotatorenmanschettenläsionen wird die traumatische Verletzung der Rotatorenmanschette in ihrem oft phasenhaften Verlauf dargelegt. Im Folgenden wird ausführlich auf klinische Primärbefunde und eine abgestufte Diagnostik, einschließlich Bildgebung und Operationsbefunde, eingegangen. Unter Berücksichtigung versicherungsrechtlicher Prämissen in der gesetzlichen wie in der privaten Unfallversicherung werden Pro- und Kontrakriterien als Entscheidungshilfen in der Zusammenhangsbegutachtung formuliert. Diese schließen folgende Unterpunkte in Form eines Vier-Säulen-Konzepts ein: Vorgeschichte, Ereignisablauf, Verletzungsbild im zeitlichen Verlauf und apparativ oder invasiv gewonnene pathomorphologische Befunde.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Orthopäde 29 (2000), S. 834-844 
    ISSN: 1433-0431
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Schultergelenk ; Biomechanik ; Instabilität ; Rotatorenmanschette ; Key words Shoulder joint ; Biomechanics ; Instability ; Rotator cuff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The shoulder joint takes a special position among all the other joints of the human body because of its special requirements of stability and mobility. Knowledge of the biomechanics of the shoulder joint forms the basis for the development of modern concepts of reconstructive surgery and arthroplasty. Most of the biomechanical findings are the result of research performed on cadaver shoulders using increasingly sophisticated methods of measurement. These studies elucidate the interaction of the static and dynamic factors which contribute to the delicate balance of the glenohumeral joint. Recently performed research is increasingly being focussed on more detailed analyses of muscle forces and stress distribution in the subchondral bone and periarticular soft tissues. The efficiency of the computer systems now available has enabled the development of complex, virtual shoulder models and three-dimensional finite element analyses. In the future a pure mechanical understanding has to be modified to extend to a concept which includes more data obtained from living subjects, especially with regard to muscle activity under varying loads and neuromuscular feedback systems which currently are difficult to assess.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Schultergelenk nimmt unter allen anderen Gelenken des menschlichen Körpers durch seine besonderen Anforderungen an Stabilität und Mobilität eine Sonderstellung ein. Neue Erkenntnisse zur Biomechanik dieses Gelenks bilden die Grundlage für die Entwicklung moderner Konzepte der rekonstruktiven Gelenkchirurgie und Endoprothetik. Die bisher gewonnen biomechanischen Daten basieren hauptsächlich auf Erkenntnissen, die an Schulterpräparaten mit zunehmend verfeinerten Messmethoden gewonnen wurden. Damit konnte weitgehend Klarheit über das Zusammenspiel statischer und dynamischer Stabilisatoren am Glenohumeral(GH)-Gelenk gewonnen werden. In den letzten Jahren gewinnen zunehmend genauere Analysen der einwirkenden Kräfte an Bedeutung. Die Entwicklung leistungsfähiger Rechnersysteme ermöglicht die Erstellung von komplexen, virtuellen Schultermodellen und dreidimensionalen (3D-) Finite-Element-Analysen. Die ursprünglich rein mechanische Betrachtungsweise wird sich dadurch zukünftig einem erweiterten Verständnis der Muskelaktivität bei aktiv geführten Bewegungen, insbesondere hinsichtlich der bisher nur schwer fassbaren neuromuskulären Regelkreise, zuwenden müssen.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Orthopäde 27 (1998), S. 510-517 
    ISSN: 1433-0431
    Keywords: Key words Proprioception • Shoulder instability • Mechanoreceptors • Subacromial impingement ; Schlüsselwörter Propriozeption • Schulterinstabilität • Mechanorezeptoren • Impingement • Immunfluoreszenzmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Ziel dieser Studie bestand darin, die Verteilung und Morphologie von Mechanorezeptoren im Schultergelenk mittels spezifischer Immunfluoreszenz zu untersuchen. Die komplette Schultergelenkkapsel, Rotatorenmanschette und das Lig. coracoacromiale von 3 Leichen wurden innerhalb von 12 h nach Todeseintritt entnommen, Serienkryoschnitte angefertigt und diese entweder mit Neurofilament-, Laminin- oder Myelinantiserum und anschließend mit Fluoreszinantikörpern inkubiert. Die Nervenfaserendigungen wurden fotographiert und computerunterstützt dreidimensional (3D-) rekonstruiert. Es wurden 4 verschiedene Rezeptortypen mit jeweils unterschiedlichen Verteilungsmustern nachgewiesen. Während Ruffini-Körperchen in der Rotatorenmanschette und im Lig. coracoacromiale am häufigsten waren, zeigten sich in der anterior-inferioren Gelenkkapsel vorwiegend Pacini-Körperchen. Während das dichte ligamentäre Gewebe kaum terminale Endigungen enthielt, fanden sich die meisten korpuskulären Rezeptoren in periligamentärem Fett- und lockerem Bindegewebe, bzw. in Spalten zwischen den Kollagenfaserbündeln. Unter Berücksichtigung bisheriger klinischer und experimenteller Studien ist die verhältnismäßig hohe Dichte korpuskulärer Nervenfaserendigungen in der Rotatorenmanschette und dem Lig. coracoacromiale als ein Hinweis auf eine Beteiligung dieser Strukturen an der neurosensorischen Kontrolle einer Dezentrierung im Glenohumeralgelenk und übermäßigen Druckerhöhung im subakromialen Raum zu werten. Die geringe Dichte korpuskulärer Endigungen und das Überwiegen von schnell adaptierenden Pacini-Körperchen in der antero-inferioren Gelenkkapsel spricht nicht dafür, daß diese Rezeptoren als sog. Spannungsdetektoren maßgeblich an der Stabilisierung des Glenohumeralgelenks beteiligt sind.
    Notes: Summary Purpose of this study was the evaluation of distribution and morphology of mechanoreceptors in the glenohumeral joint capsule and rotator cuff in comparison to the coracoacromial ligament by means of specific immunfluorescence microscopy. The complemente joint capsules, rotator cuffs and coracoacromial ligaments of three fresh cadaver shoulder were harvested. Serial cryostate sections were taken and alternately incubated with antiserum against neurofilament, lamin or myelin of peripheral nerves. The antibody-reaction was visualized with fluorescin Ig-G. The nerve endings were photographed and computer-aided 3-dimensional reconstructions were performed. Three types of corpuscular and free nerve endings of different morphology were found in different distributions: whereas the Ruffini corpuscles were much more frequent in the coracoacromial ligament and rotator cuff, Pacini endings were predominantly found in the joint capsule. Generally corpuscular nerve endings were more frequent in the coracoacromial ligament and the rotator cuff than in the antero-inferior capsule and the number of corpuscles increased from medial to lateral within the anterior and inferior parts of the capsule. The dense ligamentous tissue was almost aneural whereas the periarticular fatty or loose connective tissue contained nerve fibres and nerve endings. In view of the results of other experimental and clinical studies the high frequency of Ruffini and Pacini endings in the rotator cuff and coracoacromial ligament suggest, that both are involved in the neurosensory control of glenohumeral stability and subacromial impingement. In contrast our findings in the joint capsule do not clearly proove, that those joint receptors predominantly maintain joint stability.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 113 (1993), S. 28-32 
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to define the geometry of the coracoacromial arch in both its bony and soft parts and to bring it into relationship with rotator cuff tears, 54 cadaver shoulders (from subjects aged 47–90 years) were dissected And X-rayed (anteroposterior projection and supraspinatus outlet view). Partial rotator cuff tears were assessed additionally by transillumination and polarized microscopy. After transfixation of the coracoacromial arch with a polyurethane mould, sections were made along the coracoacromial ligament. The morphology of the acromion was described following the classification of Bigliani et al. [5]. Amongst other parameters, measurements were taken between the long axis of the scapula, the spina, and the acromion. In 19 of 22 cases, a traction osteophyte was associated with rotator cuff tears. In incomplete tears, spurs were completely encased within the ligament and did not impair the subacromial space. The number of rotator cuff tears was significantly increased in shoulders with “curved” acromia, flat acromial slope, and increased angle between the scapular plane and the spina (intact, mean 58°; tears, mean 47°). The morphology of the subacromial space was secondarily determined by this angle. In contrast to Bigliani et al. we were unable to find a “hooked” acromion. These results indicate that the combination of a flat and curved acromion or a position of the acromioclavicular joint above the cranial pole of the glenoid must be regarded as considerable risks for the development of rotator cuff tears. The concept of anterior acromioplasty is supported by our results.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 120 (2000), S. 166-170 
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate the results of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)-retaining total knee arthroplasty (TKA) after previous proximal closed wedge tibial osteotomy for degenerative arthritis according to the technique recommended by Coventry and Insall. Thirty-five patients with previous proximal tibial osteotomy were matched to 35 patients without previous osteotomy according to age, sex, and Knee Society patient category. TKA after osteotomy was technically more difficult, often requiring a more extensive exposure. Complications were similar in the two groups, but an extended hematoma was more common in patients with previous osteotomies (2 patients) than in those with primary arthroplasty (1 patient). Knee Society scores were significantly lower in those with previous osteotomy, primarily because of decreased anteroposterior stability and pain. No significant differences were found in function scores, range of motion, or alignment. However, overall results of this PCL-retaining unconstrained TKA did not match those reported after PCL-substituting TKA.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 56 (1997), S. 200-206 
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Rheumatoide Arthritis ; Ungekoppelte Knieendoprothese ; Kniescore ; Funktionsscore ; Key words Rheumatoid arthritis ; unconstrained total knee arthroplasty ; knee score ; function score
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This study documents prospectively the Knee Society knee- and function score of 28 patients with rheumatoid arthritis with 34 PFC unconstrained total knee arthroplasties from preoperative values on at yearly intervals. The average follow-up period was 3.4 years (range 2–5.5y). At last follow-up over 80% of the knees were painfree. All but one patient could walk more than 500m. Knee and function score increased significantly from 30.1 resp. 35.0 to 83.8 resp. 74.6 (P〈0.000001). Postoperatively the knee score rose soon to a constant level whereas the function score showed a continuous slow increase up to 5 years. We observed one deep venous thrombosis and one subluxation. At an intermediate follow-up rheumatoid knees are clinically and functionally successfully operated on using an unconstrained TKA. Pain relief is excellent. We recommend the use of a scoring system assessing knee and functional results separately.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Knie- und Funktionsscore von 28 Patienten mit Rheumatoider Arthritis wurden prospektiv präoperativ, nach 3 Monaten und in Jahresintervallen postoperativ nach Implantation von 34 kreuzbanderhaltenden PFC-Knieprothesen mit dem Knee Society Clinical Rating System erfaßt. Die Beobachtungszeit betrug durchschnittlich 3,4 Jahre (2–5,5 Jahre). Über 80% der Kniegelenke waren bei der letzten Beobachtung schmerzfrei. Bis auf einen konnten alle Patienten mehr als 500m gehen. Knie- und Funktionsscore stiegen signifikant von durchschnittlich 30,1 bzw. 35,0 auf 83,8 bzw. 74,6 an (P〈0,000001). Postoperativ nahm der Kniescore rasch zu und blieb auf gleichem Niveau, während der Funktionsscore einen langsameren kontinuierlichen Anstieg bis zur 5-Jahresbeobachtung aufwies. Als Komplikationen wurden eine Subluxation und eine tiefe Beinvenenthrombose beobachtet. Rheumatische Kniegelenksdestruktionen lassen sich mittelfristig mit ungekoppelten Oberflächenersatzprothesen mit guten klinischen und funktionellen Ergebnissen versorgen, insbesondere was die Schmerzlinderung angeht. Die Verwendung von dualen Scores mit getrenntem gelenkbezogenem und funktionellem Resultat wird empfohlen.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Renal hyperparathyroidism ; Operative therapy ; Prospective follow-up study. ; Schlüsselwörter: Renaler Hyperparathyreoidismus ; operative Therapie ; prospektive Beobachtungsstudie.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. In einer prospektiven Beobachtungsstudie bei Patienten mit renalem Hyperparathyreoidismus wurden nach Eingriffen an den Nebenschilddrüsen der Verlauf und die Abhängigkeit der Symptomatik von präoperativ ermittelten Laborparametern analysiert. Zwischen dem 1. 8. 1987 und dem 31. 12. 1995 wurden 79 Patienten operiert. Bei 72 Patienten erfolgten erstmalige Eingriffe an den Nebenschilddrüsen. Bevorzugtes Operationsverfahren war die totale Parathyreoidektomie mit autologer Epithelkörperchenreplantation (n = 67). Informationen zum postoperativen Verlauf liegen von allen Patienten vor. Bei 74 der 79 Patienten erfolgten regelmäßige Nachuntersuchungen (1–9, Median = 4) mit einer Nachbeobachtungszeit von 1–60 Monaten (Median 18 Monate). Das Ausmaß der postoperativen Hypocalciämie, die bei 84,8 % aller Patienten auftrat, war negativ mit der Höhe der präoperativen Serumkonzentrationen der alkalischen Phosphatase sowie des intakten Parathormons korreliert. Juckreiz klang postoperativ bei über 60 % der betroffenen Patienten innerhalb von 4 Wochen ab, während sich das ossäre Syndrom längerfristig zurückbildete. Ein Jahr postoperativ war der Juckreiz in 75 % und das ossäre Syndrom in 79 % der Fälle abgeklungen. In der Patientengruppe nach totaler Parathyreoidektomie mit simultaner Epithelkörperchenreplantation waren Gelenkschmerzen bei präoperativ erhöhten Spiegeln der alkalischen Phosphatase (〉 200 U/l) rascher rückläufig als bei normalen Spiegeln (p = 0,0297). Die Rezidivrate nach totaler Parathyreoidektomie und Autotransplantation beträgt 4,5 %. Patienteneigene Faktoren beeinflussen die Morbidität des Eingriffs wegen eines renalen Hyperparathyreoidismus. Die postoperative Hypocalciämie korreliert negativ mit dem Grad der zum Operationszeitpunkt vorliegenden renalen Osteopathie. Die Höhe der präoperativen Konzentration der alkalischen Phosphatase beeinflußt den zeitlichen Verlauf der postoperativen Rückbildung von Gelenkschmerzen.
    Notes: Summary. A prospective long-term follow-up study in patients who had had surgical therapy for renal hyperparathyroidism was launched to investigate the results of surgical treatment and to evaluate possible correlations between preoperative laboratory values and the course of the symptoms. From August 1987 to December 1995, 79 patients underwent surgery for renal hyperparathyroidism. It was the first neck exploration for 72 patients. Total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation to a forearm was our preferred procedure (n = 67). The postoperative course of all patients is known. We carried out one to nine reexaminations (median 4) in 74 of 79 patients. The follow-up period ranged from 1 month to 5 years with a median of 18 months. After the operation transient hypocalcaemia occurred in 84.8 % of patients. Postoperative hypocalcaemia correlated negatively with the preoperative levels of alkaline phosphatase and intact parathyroid hormone. Within the first month after surgery 60 % of the preoperatively affected patients completely recovered from pruritus, whereas the skeletal syndrome took longer to disappear. One year after surgery 75 % of the patients with pruritus and 79 % of those with skeletal syndrome had became asymptomatic. After total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation, patients with preoperatively elevated concentrations of alkaline phosphatase ( 〉 200 U/l) experienced faster relief from joint pain than patients with preoperatively normal concentrations (P = 0.0297). To date 4.5 % of the patients developed recurrent hyperparathyroidism after total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation. Morbidity of surgery for renal hyperparathyroidism is influenced by patients' risk factors. Postoperative hypocalcaemia correlates negatively with the grade of renal osteopathy at the time of operation. Preoperative concentrations of alkaline phosphatase influence the rapidity of the relief from joint pain.
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