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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allergic contact dermatitis due to sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 4 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1978.tb03809.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic melanodermatitis due to the rubber peephole of a ship radarscope (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 4 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1978.tb03811.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery process of tracheal mucosa of guinea pigs exposed to isopropyl alcohol (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 61 (1987), S. 12-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Isopropyl alcohol ; Tracheal mucosa ; Ciliary activity ; Recovery process ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The toxicity of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) on the tracheal mucosa was studied experimentally with special reference to the recovery process of the organ. The results showed that 400 ppm IPA has an acute effect on the mucociliary system in the tracheal mucosa, and that recovery from such degeneration can occur in 2 weeks. When functional and morphological damage was induced by a higher level (5500 ppm) of IPA, recovery did not occur in 2 weeks. The conclusion is that the present allowable level of IPA is reasonable from the viewpoint of the effects of short-term exposure to IPA on the tracheal mucosa. In addition, a higher level of IPA exposure has longer-term effects on the tracheal mucosa, and workers exposed to such a higher level of IPA vapor should be given careful otolaryngological follow-up observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324542
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exposure-excretion relationship of styrene and acetone in factory workers: A comparison of a lipophilic solvent and a hydrophilic solvent (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 25 (1993), S. 129-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A factory survey was conducted in the second half of a working week on 41 exposed male workers, who were engaged in fiber-reinforced plastics work and exposed to the mixed vapors of styrene and acetone. Nonexposed workers, 20 men, were recruited from the same factory. Styrene and acetone in respiratory zone air were monitored for a 8-h shift with carbon cloth- and water-equipped personal diffusive samplers, respectively. Blood and urine samples were collected at the shift-end. Acetone and styrene concentrations in whole blood, serum and urine were measured by head-space gas chromatography, and phenylglyoxylic acid in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. All biological exposure indicators analyzed correlated significantly with the intensity of exposure to the corresponding solvent during the shift. The slopes of the regression lines indicate that a very small fraction of styrene absorbed will be excreted into urine as styrene per se, and that styrene is quite effectively excreted into urine after metabolic conversion. In contrast, the slopes of regression lines for acetone suggest that acetone distributes both in the blood and urine quite evenly. When the distribution of the solvent in serum was compared with that in the whole blood, it was found that almost all of styrene in blood is present in the serum, whereas acetone distributed very evenly in the cellular and noncellular fractions of the blood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230723
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on osmotic fragility of red blood cells determined with a coil planet centrifuge for workers occupationally exposed to lead (1981)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 48 (1981), S. 273-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Osmotic fragility of red cells ; Blood lead ; Urine lead ; Coproporphyrin ; δ-Aminolevulinic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to clarify the relationship between lead exposure level and osmotic fragility of red blood cells determined by the coil planet centrifuge method, several clinical laboratory examinations were performed on 27 male workers employed in a scrap lead refining factory using as controls 40 male workers employed in railway construction. The examinations included measurement of red blood cell and reticulocyte counts, hematocrit, MCV, blood and urine lead concentrations, urine coproporphyrin, and urine δ-aminolevulinic acid. The results were: 1. Osmotic fragility of red blood cells was lower in lead workers at all three hemolytic points compared with the controls. Significant difference was observed in hemolysis of the maximum point (P 〈 0.05). 2. The red blood cell and reticulocyte counts, hematocrit value and MCV of the lead workers were not significantly different from those of the controls. Values for blood and urine lead, coproporphyrin, and δ-aminolevulinic acid of the lead workers were much higher than those of the controls (P 〈 0.01). 3. In lead workers, close relationships between the osmotic fragility and these laboratory findings were observed: blood lead, r=-0.572, P〈0.01; coproporphyrin, r= −0.608, P〈0.01; δ-aminolevulinic acid, r= −0.559, P〈 0.01; urine lead, r = −0.453, P 〈 0.05.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405614
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationships between osmotic fragility of red blood cells and various hematologic data in workers exposed to lead (1982)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 50 (1982), S. 17-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Erythrocyte osmotic fragility ; Lead poisoning ; MCV ; Erythrocyte water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper describes relationships between osmotic fragility (OF) of red blood cells and various hematologic data in 32 male workers exposed to lead and 30 controls. The examination included measurements of OF determined by the coil planet centrifuge system, red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), water of RBC, sodium and potassium of RBC, blood and urine lead, urine coproporphyrin, and urine δ-aminolevulinic acid. The results were: 1) OF was lower in lead workers at all three hemolytic points compared with the controls (P 〈 0.05). 2) A difference in hemolysis pattern between the two groups was observed (P 〈 0.05). 3) A close relationship was observed in both groups between OF and MCV (P 〈 0.05), although the results were contrasting. Also a close relationship was observed in lead workers between OF and hematocrit, OF and hemoglobin, OF and MCH, and OF and intracellular potassium (P 〈 0.05) but not in the controls. In the controls a close relationship was found between OF and RBC (P 〈 0.05) but this was not observed in the lead workers. No significant relationship was observed in either group between OF and MCHC, OF and intracellular sodium, and OF and intracellular water. 4) No difference in RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and intracellular water, sodium and potassium was observed between both groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432490
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative evaluation of urinalysis and blood analysis as means of detecting exposure to organic solvents at low concentrations (1992)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 64 (1992), S. 223-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Blood analysis ; n-Hexane ; Methanol ; Toluene ; Urinalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary One hundred and forty-three workers exposed to one or more of toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, styrene, n-hexane, and methanol at sub-occupational exposure limits were examined for the time-weighted average intensity of exposure by diffusive sampling, and for biological exposure indicators by means of analysis of shift-end blood for the solvent and analysis of shift-end urine for the corresponding metabolite(s). Urinalysis was also performed in 20 nonexposed control men to establish the “background level.” Both solvent concentrations in blood and metabolite concentrations in urine correlated significantly with solvent concentrations in air. Comparison of blood analysis and urinalysis as regards sensitivity in identifying low solvent exposure showed that blood analysis is generally superior to urinalysis. It was also noted that estimation of exposure intensity on an individual basis is scarcely possible even with blood analysis. Solvent concentration in whole blood was the same as that in serum in the case of the aromatics, except for styrene. It was higher in blood than in serum in the case of n-hexane, and lower in the cases of styrene and methanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378279
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formic acid excretion in comparison with methanol excretion in urine of workers occupationally exposed to methanol (1992)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 64 (1992), S. 329-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Biological monitoring ; Formic acid excretion ; Methanol exposure ; Methanol excretion ; Urinalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A semiautomated head-space gas chromatographic (GC) method was developed for measuring formic acid in urine. The method consists of heating 1 ml urine sample in a 20-ml air-tight vial in the presence of 1 ml sulfuric acid and 2 ml ethanol at 60°C for 30 min for ethyl esterification and air-liquid equilibrium, followed by automatic injection of 1 ml head-space air into a flame ionization detector GC. The detection limit was 1 mg/l for formic acid. The method was applied to measure formic acid in the shift-end urine samples from 88 workers exposed to methanol at 66.6 ppm (as geometric mean) and in urine samples from 149 nonexposed controls. Methanol concentrations were also determined. Regression analysis showed that urinary formic acid concentrations, as observed or corrected for either creatinine concentration or specific gravity of urine (1.016), correlated significantly with time-weighted average intensities of exposure to methanol vapor. Men excreted significantly more formic acid than women. Comparison with methanol excretion suggested, however, that urinary formic acid is less sensitive than urinary methanol as an indicator of methanol vapor exposure, primarily because the background level for formic acid (26 mg/l as arithmetic mean, or 23 mg/l as geometric mean) is more than ten times higher than the level for methanol (1.9 mg/l as arithmetic mean, or 1.7mg/l as geometric mean). After theoretical methanol exposure at infinite concentration, the urinary formic acid/methanol ratio should be about 0.4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379542
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urinary methylchloroform rather than urinary metabolites as an indicator of occupational exposure to methylchloroform (1995)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 67 (1995), S. 19-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Biological monitoring ; Exposure indicator ; Methylchloroform ; 1,1,1-Trichloroethane ; Urinalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to compare methylchloroform (MC, or 1,1,1-trichloroethane) per se and its metabolites in urine as indicators of occupational exposure to this solvent, 50 male solvent workers were studied in the second half of a working week to evaluate the exposure-excretion relationship. The time-weighted average intensity of solvent exposure of individuals during an 8-h shift was monitored by personal diffusive sampling. Urine samples were collected near the end of the shift and were analyzed for MC and its metabolites [i.e., trichloroacetic acid (TCA), trichloroethanol (TCE) and total trichloro-compounds (TTC; the sum of TCA and TCE)] by head-space gas chromatography. MC per se, TCA, TCE, and TTC in urine correlated significantly (P 〈 0.01) with MC in ambient air, and among the four the correlation coefficient was highest for MC. The same results were obtained by multiple regression analysis in which ambient air MC was taken as the dependent variable and either the three indicators urinary MC, TCA, and TCE or the two indicators urinary MC and TTC were taken as independent variables. Taking the specificity and selectivity of the analyte as well as the simple and hazardous chemical-free procedure of analysis into consideration, it is concluded that MC is the analyte of choice as an indicator of occupational exposure to MC, when urine is selected as a specimen available by noninvasive sampling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00383128
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dose-dependent increase in 2,5-hexanedione in the urine of workers exposed to n-hexane (1991)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 63 (1991), S. 285-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: 2-Acetylfuran ; Biological monitoring ; 2,5-Hexanedione ; n-Hexane exposure ; Urinalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The concentrations of 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD), an n-hexane metabolite, and 2-acetylfuran (2-AF) were measured in urine samples from 123 workers who had predominantly been exposed to n-hexane vapor and 53 workers who had experienced no exposure to solvents. The time-weighted average intensity of exposure to n-hexane vapor was determined by a diffusive sampling method. For biological monitoring of exposure, urine samples were collected late in the afternoon during the second half of a working week and were analyzed in the presence and absence of acid hydrolysis (at pH 〈 0.5) for 2,5-HD and 2-AF by gas chromatography on a non-polar capillary DB-1 column. The urinary 2,5-HD concentration increased as a linear function of the intensity of exposure to n-hexane, showing a correlation coefficient of 0.64–0.77 after acid hydrolysis and that of 0.730–0.83 in the absence of hydrolysis, depending on the correction for urinary density (P 〈 0.01 in all cases, with no improvement in the coefficient occurring after the corrections). In contrast, 2-AF levels were independent of n-hexane exposure. The geometric mean 2,5-HD concentration in urine samples from 53 nonexposed men was 0.26 mg/l as observed (i.e., with no correction), 0.19 mg/l after correction for a urinary specific gravity of 1.016, and 0.23 mg/g creatinine after correction for creatinine concentration, and the geometric standard deviation was approximately 2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00386379
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