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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 5 (1982), S. 1-31 
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 326 (1987), S. 386-387 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Discharges recorded in the infraorbital nerve which supplies the bill could be identified as coming from either mechanorecep-tors or electroreceptors. Electroreceptors could be readily distinguished from mechanoreceptors as the electroreceptors showed measurable responses to electrical stimuli in ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 481-483 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1. The discharge of impulses in a cold receptor in response to lowering the temperature of the skin. In record A, the upper trace shows the impulses in the fibre and the lower trace shows the temperature of the skin. Initially the skin had been held at 38 C and just before the start of the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 28 (1966), S. 121-134 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse elektrophysiologischer Untersuchungen über die Aktivität einzelner visceraler afferenter Fasern werden zusammengefaßt. Es wurde namentlich die Aktivität des aus abdominalen und pelvischen Organen entstammenden N. vagus und des N. pelvicus registriert. Langsam-adaptierende Mechanorezeptoren mit nichtmyelinisierten afferenten Axonen entstehen aus den Muskelwänden der hohlen Visceralorganen. Diese Rezeptoren werden durch passive Dehnung und aktive Kontraktion der Viscera erregt. Die Stärke und Dauer der visceralen Kontraktionen, speziell bei der Blase, kann der Serienschaltung dieser Mechanorezeptoren zugeschrieben werden. Schnell-adaptierende viscerale Mechanorezeptoren schließen die Pacini-Körperchen mit ein, mit noch unbekannter Funktion, ebenso die kürzlich beschriebenen „Flow”-Rezeptoren in der urethralen Schleimhaut. Die visceralen Chemorezeptoren wurden weniger untersucht. Langsam adaptierende pH empfindliche Rezeptoren, in der Magenschleimhaut, wurden beschrieben; ihre Rolle bei der Regulierung der gastrischen Aktivität und der Vermittlung der gastrischen Wahrnehmungen wird diskutiert. Die Wirkung von Medikamenten auf viscerale Rezeptoren wird ebenso kurz behandelt.
    Abstract: Résumé Les travaux sur l'analyse électrophysiologique de l'activité de la fibre viscérale afférente sont passés en revue. L'activité des nerfs vague et pelvien provenant des viscères abdominales et pelviennes a été enregistrée. Des mécanorécepteurs à adaptation lente, à axones afférents amyéliniques ont été trouvés dans les parois musculaires des viscères creuses. Ces récepteurs sont excités par la distension passive aussi bien que par la contraction active des viscères. L'intensité et la durée des contractions viscérales, en particulier de la vessie, sont dues à l'arrangement ≪en série≫ de ces mécanorécepteurs. Parmi les mécanorécepteurs viscéraux à adaptation rapide, on trouve le corpuscule de Pacini, qui n'a pas de fonction connue, et le ≪flow≫ receptor récemment décrit dans la muqueuse uréthrale. Les chémorécepteurs viscéraux ont été moins bien étudiés. Des récepteurs sensibles aux variations de pH et doués d'un pouvoir d'adaptation lente, existent dans la muqueuse gastrique; on discute de leur rôle dans la régulation de l'activité gastrique et la transmission des sensations gastriques. L'auteur passe en revue brièvement l'action de certains médicaments sur les récepteurs viscéraux.
    Notes: Summary Electrophysiological studies of single visceral afferent fibres are reviewed. Recordings were made from the vagus and pelvic nerves supplying the abdominal and pelvic viscera. Slowly-adapting mechanoreceptors, with non-myelinated afferent axons, end in the muscle coats of the hollow viscera. The receptors are excited by both passive distension and active contraction of the viscera. The strength and duration of visceral contractions, especially the bladder, can be accounted for by the “in series” arrangement of these mechanoreceptors. Rapidly-adapting visceral mechanoreceptors include the Pacinian corpuscle, with no known function, and the recently described “flow” receptor in the urethral mucosa. Visceral chemoreceptors are less well studied. Slowly-adapting pH sensitive receptors that exist in the gastric mucosa are described and their role in the regulation of gastric activity and in gastric sensations are discussed. Drug actions on visceral receptors are briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 24 (1962), S. 175-180 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Cutane “Berührungspunkte” mit einer mechanischen Reizschwelle von weniger als 2 mg wurden in der behaarten Haut durch elektrische Registrierung von einzelnen markhaltigen afferenten cutanen Nervenfasern bei anästhesierten Katzen aufgedeckt. 2. Die durch mechanische Reizung ausgelöste Entladung eines “Berührungspunktes” adaptierte sich langsam. Eine Bewegung der Haare an diesem Ort war als Reiz wirkungslos, ausgenommen dann, wenn die Haare auf den “Berührungspunkt” niedergedrückt wurden. Eine kurze niederfrequente afferente Entladung konnte durch Senkung der Hauttemperatur ausgelöst werden. 3. Die “Berührungspunkte” konnten an der Hautoberfläche bei lebenden Tieren als halbkugelige Kuppeln von 100 to 250 μ Durchmesser beobachtet werden. Histologische Untersuchungen einer solchen Stelle ergaben ein besonderes Epithel, das flache, terminale Nervenscheiben von 10 μ Durchmesser enthielt und das durch Zweige eines einzelnen dicken myelinisierten Axons innerviert wurde. 4. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen stellen eine starke Unterstützung der Ansicht dar, daß bei einigen cutanen afferenten Nerven eine Spezialisierung der Funktion und Struktur vorhanden ist.
    Abstract: Résumé 1. Des «points de contact» cutanés dans la peau poilue, avec des seuils mécaniques aussi bas que 2 mg de poids, ont été identifiés par l'enregistrement électrique de résultats trouvés dans de différentes fibres nerveuses myéliniques cutanées afférentes chez des chats anesthésiés. 2. La décharge déclenchée par la stimulation mécanique d'un «point de contact» s'est adaptée lentement. Les mouvements des poils voisins étaient des stimuli inefficaces excepté que les poils étaient déprimés sur le «point de contact». Une brève décharge afférente de basse fréquence pouvait être déclenchée par la diminution de la température de la peau. 3. On pouvait voir les «points de contact» dans la surface de la peau chez l'animal vivant comme des domes hémisphériques d'un diamètre de 100 à 250 μ. L'examen histologique d'un «point» a montré un épithélium spécialisé contenant des disques nerveux terminaux plats d'un diamètre de 10 μ, innervés de branches d'un seul axon myélinisé épais. 4. On est d'avis que les résultats sont fortement en faveur du concept d'une spécialisation de la fonction et de la structure dans quelques fibres cutanées afférentes.
    Notes: Summary 1. Cutaneous “touch spots” in hairy skin, with mechanical thresholds as low as 2 mg. weight, were identified by recording electrically from single myelinated cutaneous afferent nerve fibres in anaesthetised cats. 2. The discharge elicited by mechanical stimulation of a “touch spot” was slowly-adapting. Movements of the adjacent hairs were ineffective stimuli unless the hairs were pressed down on to the “touch spot”. A brief low frequency afferent discharge could be elicited by lowering the temperature of the skin. 3. The “touch spots” could be seen on the surface of the skin in the living animal as hemispherical domes, 100 to 250 μ diameter. Histological examination of a “spot” showed a specialised epithelium, containing flat terminal nerve discs, 10 μ diameter, innervated by branches of a single thick myelinated axon. 4. It is suggested that the results provide strong support for the concept of a specialisation of function and structure in some cutaneous afferent nerves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 24 (1962), S. 225-240 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kenntnis über die Funktion der Haut als Sinnesorgan ist das Ergebnis von 3 Untersuchungsrichtungen: a) Psycho-physikalische Untersuchung, b) elektrophysiologische Untersuchung bei Tieren, c) histologische Untersuchungen bei Mensch und Tier. 2 Hauptprobleme wurden aufgeworfen: 1. Die Auffälligkeiten der histologischen Unterschiede zwischen behaarter und nicht behaarter Haut, 2. die Frage, ob die peripheren afferenten Fasern zwischen mechanischen, thermischen und chemischen Reizen in genügendem Ausmaß unterscheiden können, so daß ihre Klassifikation in Mechano- und Thermoreceptoren gerechtfertigt ist. Ergebnisse elektro-physiologischer Versuche an afferenten Fasern am Unterarm des Affen werden beschrieben. Sowohl die behaarte als auch die unbehaarte Haut ergaben grundsätzlich ähnliche Arten von Antworten der afferenten myelinisierten Nerven nach Hautreizen. Lediglich die Reizschwelle war in den Nervenendigungen der unbehaarten Haut im allgemeinen höher. Die Ergebnisse sprechen eindeutig für die Ansicht, daß es wirkliche Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Spezifität von Nervenendigungen gibt.
    Abstract: Résumé La connaissance des mécanismes de la sensation cutanée dépend, à présent, de trois lignes d'évidence: a) de dates psycho-physiques, b) de dates électrophysiologiques d'animaux et c) d'études histologiques de l'homme et des animaux. Il y a deux problèmes: a) la signification des différences histologiques apparentes afférentes périphériques différencient entre des stimuli mécaniques, thermiques entre la peau poilue et la peau non-poilue ou glabre, b) la question si les fibres et chimiques d'un degré qui suffit pour justifier leur classification comme des mécanorécepteurs et des thermorécepteurs. On a décrit des résultats électrophysiologiques expérimentaux en faisant usage de fibres afférentes prises de nerfs des avant-bras de singes. La peau poilue et la peau glabre ont montré des types au fond semblables de réponses dans des fibres afférentes myéliniques à une stimulation cutanée, à l'exception des cas où les seuils étaient, en général, plus hauts pour des nerfs terminant dans la peau glabre. Les dates sont, de manière convaincante, en faveur de l'idée qu'il y a des différences substantielles en ce qui concerne la spécificité des bouts nerveux.
    Notes: Summary Knowledge of the mechanisms of cutaneous sensation at present depends on 3 lines of evidence a) psycho-physical b) electrophysiological data from animals and c) histological studies of man and animals. Two major problems have arisen; a) the significance of the apparent histological differences between hairy and nonhairy or glabrous skin, b) do the peripheral afferent fibres differentiate between mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli to a degree sufficient to justify a classification as mechanoreceptors and themoreceptors? Experimental electrophysiological results using afferent fibres dissected from forearm nerves of monkeys are described. Both hairy and glabrous skin gave basically similar types of responses in myelinated afferent fibres to cutaneous stimulation, except that the thresholds were in general higher for nerves ending in glabrous skin. The data are convincingly in favour of the idea that there are substantial differences in specificity of the nerve endings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 35 (1979), S. 135-149 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lamina I neurones ; Lissauer's tract ; Sensory pathways ; Spinal cord
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single unit activity has been recorded from nociceptor-driven Lamina I neurones in the lumbar spinal cord of chloralose anaesthetized and gallamine paralysed cats. Ninety-four nociceptor-driven Lamina I neurones were identified by their superficial location in the dorsal horn and their ability to respond only to noxius stimulation of their cutaneous receptive fields. One-third of the Lamina I neurones responded only to noxious mechanical stimulation of the skin (Class 3a) und two-thirds responded to both mechanical and thermal noxious stimulation (Class 3b). Lissauer's tract was stimulated electrically two and three segments rostral to the recording sites. Ninety percent of the neurones tested showed a post-synaptic excitation mediated by fibres conducting at a mean velocity of 5.2 m/s (range 0.9–13.3 m/s). It is concluded that Aδ and C afferent fibres running in Lissauer's tract excite nociceptor-driven Lamina I neurones. Ninety-six percent of the neurones tested showed a long period of inhibition (100–200 ms) following stimulation of large afferent fibres in the dorsal column. This inhibition was increased when the intensity of stimulation recruited Lissauer's tract fibres. Fifteen percent of the neurones tested were antidromically activated by Lissauer's tract stimulation from up to 3 segments rostal to their origin. A further 18.5% were antidromically excited by stimulation of deeper tracts. The mean conduction velocity of the axons of these projecting neurones was 8.6 m/s (range 3.8–16.5 m/s) and thus are small myelinated axons. The Class 3b neurones exhibited a significantly lower conduction velocity (7.5±2.8 (S.D.) m/s) than the Class 3a neurones (10.7±3.7 (S.D.) m/s). It is concluded that at least two-thirds of the population of nociceptor-driven Lamina I neurones are segmental interneurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Tachyglossus aculeatus (echidna) ; Echidna bill ; Sensory receptors ; Electroreceptor ; Mechanoreceptor ; Trigeminal nerve ; Monotreme ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The gross anatomy and nerve supply of the bill of echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) is described in relation to its function as an outstanding sensory organ. The sensory innervation of the skin of the echidna snout was investigated by means of frontal serial sections, after decalcification of the specimens. A comprehensive light and electron microscopic description of the location and fine structure of cutaneous sensory receptors of the trigeminal system was made by this means. The encapsulated and non-encapsulated Ruffini receptors, the types of other free receptors in the connective tissue and the Merkel cell receptor do not differ morphologically from those of higher mammals, whereas the pacinian-like corpuscle shows a unique organization of its outer core. This is composed of large perineural cells containing a unique reticulum of parallel-orientated endoplasmic membranes. Lamellated corpuscles, seen in isolation or in association with push rods, are numerous in the snout and in the tip of the tongue of echidna. Push rod receptor organs occur in the hairless skin of the bill with a very dense array at its rostral end and in the pseudopalatal ridges. Gland duct receptors are restricted to the skin adjacent to the nostrils and the mouth opening, including the pseudopalatal plates. Only about one quarter of the total number of 400 seromucous glands receive a sensory innervation of their intraepidermal duct segment. Within each innervated gland two types of receptor terminals are identified. The distributions of the different receptor types are mapped for different regions of the skin, the mucous membrane of the nasal and oral vestibule and the tip of the tongue. The fine structure of nerve terminals is discussed from a comparative anatomical point of view, and some speculations are made about possible transduction processes that underlie the known electrophysiological properties. The sensory organs such as the “push rod” and “gland duct receptor”, and most of their sensory terminals, are less differentiated in echidna snout than in the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) bill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neural recordings were made from sensory fibres in a nerve supplying the ankle joint in normal rats and in rats with a novel monoarticular arthritis. The responses of mechanically and chemically sensitive units to intra-arterial injections of 5-HT were measured. In most cases the mechanosensitivity of sensory receptors in the ankle joint was not altered by 5-HT. However, 5-HT produced an increase in afferent activity in units which were identified as C-fibres on the basis of action potential amplitude and duration. The receptive fields of these chemosensitive units were not located. The responses of these units to 5-HT were dose dependent and were abolished by the 5-HT2-antogonist, ketanserin, but not by the 5-HT3-receptor antagonist, MDL 72222. The responses of chemosensitive units to injections of 5-HT were similar in normal and arthritic rats although the response was slightly prolonged in arthritic animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 58 (1985), S. 29-40 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Arthritic rat joints ; Joint capsule receptors ; Chronic inflammation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The responses of afferent fibers innervating the capsule of the ankle joint have been investigated in 34 normal and 19 arthritic anaesthetised rats. Afferent fiber diameter and conduction velocity were in the same range in normal and arthritic rats. All receptors examined were excited by mechanical stimulation of the joint capsule and the majority adapted slowly. A resting discharge was absent in normal rats in contrast to the arthritic animals where it was present in about 25% of the sample. The mechanical thresholds of the responses, measured using either von Frey hairs or the force transducer, ranged from 4.6 mN to 65 mN for 11 units recorded in normal and exceeded 80 mN for 11 others. For 30 units recorded in arthritic animals the thresholds ranged from 0.4 to 46 mN. When tested, pressure on the ankle or small degrees of flexion or extension produced a high rate of discharge in receptors of arthritics while similar stimuli were ineffective in normals. Repeated indentation at short intervals caused a progressive reduction in response to 10 to 15% of control values in normal and almost to extinction in arthritic rats. Recovery occurred within minutes in normals but was delayed in arthritics. These results suggest that the changes in responsiveness of somatosensory neurons and in behaviour, previously described in arthritic rats, can be partly accounted for in terms of the altered properties of the joint capsule receptors.
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