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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 60 (1988), S. 291-297 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Muscle strength ; Job analysis ; Muscular work load ; Static and dynamic work
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Muscle strength and muscle endurance in groups with different occupational muscular load was studied among 60 women and 69 men. The mean age of the subjects was 52.0 ± 3.4 years. Isometric grip and trunk strength were measured on dynamometers, and dynamic muscle endurance by sit-ups. A job analysis was done with the AET method including the assessment of intensity, duration and type of muscular work of each subject. According to the job analysis, the subjects were classified into groups with low or high muscular load at work. The maximal isometric hand grip strength of women with a load classified as long duration of static or dynamic load on the hands at work was 86 and 88%, respectively of the strength of those with a load of short duration. The women with high intensity in static work had a grip strength of 86% of those with low intensity. These differences in strength among women between the high and low load groups were statistically significant (P 〈 0.05). No other statistically significant differences in muscle strength or muscle endurance between the high and low work load groups were found, although the high work load group had systematically the lowest muscle strength and muscle endurance in almost all comparisons. Muscle strength and muscle endurance was, however, not a discriminating factor between the group classifications of static and dynamic work. The results indicated that the muscle strength and muscle endurance of middle-aged employees was systematically lower among those with high muscular load compared to those with low load at work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 49 (1981), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Daily physical activity ; Heavy physical work ; Sport activity ; Physical performance capacity ; Tägliche körperliche Aktivität ; Berufliche Aktivität ; Sportliche Aktivität ; Kardiopulmonale Leistungsfähigkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 120 Männern im Alter von 23–60 Jahren aus verschiedenen Berufsgruppen wurde die Beziehung zwischen täglicher körperlicher Aktivität und kardiopulmonaler Leistungsfähigkeit untersucht. Die Methoden zur Bestimmung der körperlichen Aktivität im Beruf bzw. in der Freizeit sind in der I. Mitteilung erläutert (Ilmarinen et al. 1980). Die kardiopulmonale Leistungsfahigkeit wurde mit Hilfe der W170, W85% und der indirekt bestimmten $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ max am Fahrradergometer mit kontinuierlich steigender Leistung ermittelt. Die W85%-Modifikation entspricht der Leistung bei einer Herzfrequenz von 85% der maximalen Herzfrequenz. Die Gruppe, die beruflich k6rperliche Schwerarbeit leistete and sportlich aktiv war, zeigte sowohl in den absoluten als auch in den auf das K6rpergewicht bezogenen Mcßwerten der kardiopulmonaler Leistungsfahigkeit regelmäßig die Höchstwerte. Die Prüfung der Haupteffekte durch körperliche Arbeit allein zeigte jedoch, daß sie in keiner Variablen signifikant war. Im Gegensatz zur beruflichen körperlichen Arbeit zeigte die sportliche Aktivitat allein signifikante Haupteffekte auf die W85% and auf die $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ max bezogen auf die fettfreie Körpermasse. Die Ergebnisse lassen den Schluß zu, daß die sportliche Aktivität in der Freizeit für die Erhaltung oder Steigerung der kardiopulmonaler Leistungsfähigkeit wesentlich wichtiger ist als die berufliche körperliche Schwerarbeit. Ausdauertypische Sportarten in der Freizeit werden sowohl für die Schwerarbeiter als für den Personenkreis, der eine körperlich leichte Arbeit zu leisten hat, empfohlen.
    Notes: Summary One hundred and twenty men, aged 23–60 years and having various professions participated in studies on relationships between daily physical activity and physical performance capacity (PPC). The determination of daily physical activity at work and of the habitual leisure time activities has been described earlier (Ilmarinen et al. 1980). The determination of physical performance capacity was based on W170, W85% and on predicted $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ max measured with continuously increasing work load on a bicycle ergometer. The W85% modification corresponds to the working capacity at a heart rate level of 85% of maximal heart rate. Workers wiih a combination of heavy physical work and active leisure time showed systematically the highest absolute and relative values of PPC. However, although the results indicated that the effect of work activity on PPC was not significant, the effects of leisure time activities on W85% and on $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ max related to lean body mass were significant. It is concluded that the leisure time sport activities are more important than the physical activity at work in maintaining or increasing the PPC. Aerobic sport activities in leisure time are recommended both for persons with physically heavy and light work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 59 (1987), S. 251-261 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Job description ; Work postures ; Static and dynamic work ; Musculoskeletal system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study is part of a comprehensive multidisciplinary project aimed at determining criteria for retirement ages in municipal occupations in Finland. Musculoskeletal load at work was studied in eight different occupational groups to see what differences between occupational groups exist. A job analysis of the work of 116 subjects was made with the ergonomic job description analysis method (AET). The work of 116 men and women, mean age 52 years, was studied in the work place. The study revealed three levels of overall musculoskeletal load. The groups with high musculoskeletal load worked in installation, auxiliary, home care and transport groups, with an assessed load of on average about one third of the maximal on the AET scale. Both quantitative and qualitative loading problems were concentrated in these groups. In contrast, teaching and administration groups had low musculoskeletal load averaging about 10% of the maximal. The nursing and office groups were between these two levels with a load of approximately 20% of the maximal. However, with the same overall quantity, the quality of the musculoskeletal load varied. In the transport group, monotonous static work with both arms (about 60% of workshift) and legs (30%) was most common, while the musculoskeletal load of the auxiliary and home care groups consisted of heavy dynamic muscular work with arms (60% of workshift) and legs (70%). On the other hand, the administration group alone had a static load of the arms (about 15% of workshift) and legs (2%) and also a low dynamic load with arms (0%) and legs (33%), which could have hypokinetic effects. In conclusion, there are significant differences between the profile groups in both the quantitative and qualitative load of the musculoskeletal system. The differences are even more pronounced when aging employees are studied. These facts support different retirement ages for the profile groups, at least when the musculoskeletal system is concerned.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 45 (1980), S. 15-33 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Daily physical activity ; Heavy physical work ; Sport activity ; Risk factors ; Coronary heart disease ; Tägliche körperliche Aktivität ; berufliche Schwerarbeit ; sportliche Aktivität ; Risikofaktoren ; Koronarerkrankungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusamenfassung An 120 Männern im Alter von 23–60 Jahren aus verschiedenen Beruwfsgruppen mit unterschiedlich schwerer körperlicher Arbeit wurde das Ausmaß der habituelen täglichen körperlichen Aktivät untersucht und zu Risikoindikatoren für Koronarerkrankungen im Beziehung gesetzt. Die tägliche körperliche Aktivität wurde in ihrem beruflichen Teil über ganzschichte arbeitsphysiologische Studien mit Herzfrequenzmessungen mit Hilfe von Cardiocordern und Positionsstudien im Anlehnung an Edholm durchgefürht und, falls nörtig, mit O2-Verbrauchmessungen erfaßt. Die Art der täglichen beruflichen Belastung und Beanspruchung wurde mit einer standardisierten Beobachtungsmethode zur Tätigleitsanalyse (AET) erfaßt. Für den Freizeitbereich wurden die langdauernden Trainingsgewohnheiten retrospektiv über standardisierte Interviewktechniken erhoben. Die wichtigsten Risikofaktoren wurden entsprechend den Vorschalägen der WHO ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß in ihrer Freizert sportlich inaktive Schwerrauchen, Adipositas und Angina pectoris gegenüber Schwerarbeitern mit hoher sportlicher Aktivität sowie Arbeitern mit leichter körpelicher Aktovität im Beruf, aber großer sportlicher Aktivität in der Freizeit aufweisen. Aufgrund der Untersuchung schmint die Gruppe der Schwerarbeiter ohne ausgleichende körperliche Aktivität in der Freizeit die gleichzeitig eine großen Zigarettenkonsum aufweist, besonders gefährdet zu sein.
    Notes: Summary One hundred twenty men, aged 23–60 years and having various professions participated in studies on relationships between daily physical activity and risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). The daily physical activity at work was determined by means of heart rate recordings with an ambulatory monitoring system and of activity recordings according to Edholm over the whole shift. Where necessary, oxygen consumption was also measured. The type of load and strain at work was assessed with a standardised German version of the “Position Analysis Questionnaire” (AET). The habitual leisure time training behaviour was determined retrospectively by standardised interview technique. The risk factors were determined in accordance to WHO recommendations. Workers with high physical load on the job but with low energy expenditure during leisure time had a higher prevalence of the risk factors blood pressure, cigarette smoking, adiposity, and chest pain than workers with similar or lighter jobs but with physically active leisure habits. The intensely smoking workers with physically heavy work and inactive leisure seem to carry the highest risk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Exercise ; Pulmonary ventilation ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The paper provides reference values with regard to pulmonary ventilation responses to progressively increasing bicycling up to the maximal level during the period of growth spurt. Data are based on longitudinal studies of rural Norwegian and German school children. A cluster sampling technique was used, starting with the total pupil-population at Lom in Norway at an age of 8 years, and annual tests were performed until the age of 15 years. In Germany a similar pupil-population was tested from age 12 until age 17 years. Functional growth curves giving means and dispersions for ventilation rates, tidal volume, respiratory frequency, ventilatory equivalent and respiratory gas exchange ratio are constructed. Norwegian and German children's developmental process with regard to the exercise ventilation variables were compared, and revealed no significant differences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Maximal aerobic power ; Biological age ; Maturation ; Longitudinal study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the development of maximal aerobic power as a function of maturation by a longitudinal study with annual examinations of representative samples of 56 boys and 56 girls in Norway and Western Germany. The age at which occurred peak height velocity (PHV) (i.e. the age at which the greatest height velocity was observed) was used as a reference of biological age and maturation. Before the PHV the mean maximal aerobic power was the same in two cohorts of children both in absolute values as well as in values relative to total and lean body mass. At and after PHV the boys were similar in their absolute values, but the German girls decreased their exercise fitness and became inferior to the Norwegian girls during later adolescence. When related to age of PHV the maximal aerobic power increased during the prepubertal years, mainly as an effect of growth in body size with little or no additional effect of other factors and approached a ceiling level at the end of adolescence. The boys exhibited clearly superior exercise fitness during all years of childhood and adolescence, this being in contrast to the widely accepted concept that no sex difference exists in exercise fitness before puberty. The maximum level for $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ -max, reached at the end of adolescence, averaged 3.2 l/min with a coefficient of variation of about 12% for the boys, and 2.5 l/min for the Norwegian girls and a similar coefficient of variation. As these ceiling values of maximal oxygen uptake agree with published averages for normal young adults representative for the normal population in these two countries, it is suggested that they represent optimal values brought about mainly by normal growth in body size with no or little additional effects of other factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Stairclimbing ; Physical working capacity ; Occupation ; Employee ; Treppensteigen ; Körperliche LeistungsfÄhigkeit ; Beruf ; Angestellter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach einer klinischen Untersuchung und der Bestimmung der körperlichen LeistungsfÄhigkeit wurden aus 52 freiwilligen mÄnnlichen Angestellten in einem 31 Stockwerk hohen VerwaltungsgebÄude Vergleichspaare („matched pairs“) gebildet. Nach Zufallszahlen wurde jeweils ein „Zwilling“ jedes Paares einer Interventionsgruppe (Treppensteigen) und der andere „Zwilling“ der Kontrollgruppe (Aufzugfahren) zugewiesen. Die Interventionsgruppe wurde gebeten, 10 Wochen lang mindestens 25 Stockwerke/Arbeitstag oder 125 Stockwerke/Woche zu ersteigen. Die Kontrollgruppe sollte auch in diesem Zeitraum wie vorher den Aufzug benutzen. Die physiologischen Messungen wurden vor und nach der Intervention durchgeführt. Die Zahl der gestiegenen Stockwerke wurde tÄglich von den Probanden in ein Protokoll eingetragen. Die Herzfrequenz wurde kontinuierlich wÄhrend je eines Arbeitstages vor und wÄhrend der Intervention registriert. Die durchschnittliche Trainingsmenge in der am Ende der Untersuchung übrig gebliebenen Interventionsgruppe (n=19) betrug 29,9 Stockwerke/Arbeitstag oder 36 790 kpm/Woche, in der Kontrollgruppe (n=19) dagegen nur 4,6 Stockwerke/Arbeitstag und 5980 kpm/Woche. Als mittlere Trainingsfrequenz ergaben sich 4,3 Aufstiege/Arbeitstag in der Interventionsgruppe und 1,4 Aufstiege/Arbeitstag in der Kontrollgruppe. In der Interventionsgruppe wurden im Durchschnitt 7,0 Stockwerke hintereinander gestiegen und in der Kontrollgruppe 3,4 Stockwerke. Die durchschnittliche Anzahl der Minuten, in denen pro Arbeitstag eine Herzfrequenz von 130–159 SchlÄgen/min gezÄhlt wurde, betrug 7,8 in der Interventions- und 1,6 in der Kontrollgruppe. Für die Interventionsgruppe wurde nach der Intervention eine Steigerung der W170 (W/kg) um 17,8% und der geschÄtzten VO2max (ml/min/kg) um 15,1% ermittelt. Der Unterschied zwischen Kontroll- und Interventionsgruppe war signifikant (p〈0,01). Das Treppensteigen scheint nach diesen Ergebnissen eine geeignete berufsnahe Trainingsmöglichkeit für untrainierte MÄnner im mittleren Alter darzustellen.
    Notes: Summary Following medical screening and physical fitness testing (W170) 52 voluntary employees in a 31-story administration building were formed into matched pairs and randomly allocated into intervention (stairclimbing) and control (lift) groups. The intervention group was asked to climb at least 25 floors/workday or 125 floors/week. The control group was asked to use only the lift. The intervention time was 10 weeks. The physiological measurements were made before and after the intervention. The number of stairs climbed was recorded daily in a diary. The heart rate was recorded continuously over one workday before and during the intervention. The average quantity of training in the final intervention group (n=19) was 29.9 floors/workday or 36,790 kpm/week and in the control group 4.6 and 5980 correspondingly. The average training frequency was 4.3 in intervention- and 1.4 climbs/workday in the control group. The average number of continuous floors used during climbing was 7.0 in intervention and 3.4 in control group. The average number of minutes on heart rate level of 130–159 beats/min during one workday was 7.8 in intervention and 1.6 in control group. The W170 (W/kg) increased 17.8% and the predicted VO2max (ml/min/kg) 15.1% in intervention group. The difference between the intervention group and the control group was significant (p〈0.01). It was concluded, that stairclimbing is a suitable on the job physical activity program for middle-aged, untrained men.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Lung volumes ; Growth ; Physical performance capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The paper concerns a longitudinal study of the relationship between growth in lung functions in terms of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1s, and the development of maximal aerobic power during the age span from 8–18 years of age. The growth curves of anatomical dimensions for boys and girls were similar to those previously established for Northern European children. The growth in lung volume ended later than the growth in body height. It was found that the growth in lung volume was entirely due to growth in body dimensions, with no additional effect of changes in the development of physical performance capacity.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Habitual physical activity ; Adolescence ; Maximal aerobic power
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pattern of leisure time sport activity was estimated by retrospective recalls and expressed in terms of an annual sport activity score. The activity score was related to the development of maximal aerobic power during the period of late adolescence in German children. Both girls and boys reduced their activity pattern from 14 to 18 years of age, boys more than girls. At each age boys were more active than girls. A slight tendency towards better fitness with increased habitual physical activity was noticed, but many sedentary children exhibited a good performance capacity and some children with a high level of leisure time sport activity were characterized by a low level of maximal aerobic power. A statistical analysis revealed that the observed tendency to better fitness with increased habitual physical activity could be explained by an age factor with no additional effect of variation in sport activity score.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Maximal aerobic power ; Maximal load ; Circadian rhythm ; Maximale O2-Aufnahme ; Maximale Leistung ; Tagesperiodik
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei sechs hochgeübten jugendlichen Radrennfahrern mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 16,3 Jahren und einer durchschnittlichen maximalen O2-Aufnahme von 4,9 l/min wurde die maximale O2-Aufnahme in Abständen von 4 Std direkt bestimmt. Die Versuchsfolge wurde nach dem Lateinischen Quadrat festgelegt. Im submaximalen Bereich der O2-Aufnahme von 2,4 bis 4,4 l/min waren keine Unterschiede der Einzelfunktionen in Abhängigkeit von der Tageszeit zu finden. Dagegen wurden die folgenden Unterschiede zwischen den Maximal- und Minimalwerten gefunden: für die maximale Leistung $$\dot W_{\max } $$ 12,4%, für das maximale Atemzeitvolumen ( $$\dot V_{E\max } $$ ) 7,8%, für die maximale O2-Aufnahme ( $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ ) 5,7% und für die maximale Herzfrequenz (H F max) 3,4%. Alle Funktionen hatten — mit Ausnahme der $$\dot V_{E\max } $$ — ihr Minimum um 3.00 Uhr; das Minimum der $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ wurde dagegen bereits um 23.00 Uhr erreicht. Die Maxima der $$\dot V_{E\max } $$ und $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ wurden um 15.00 Uhr, der $$\dot W_{\max } $$ undH F max um 7.00 Uhr und derH F Ruhe um 19.00 Uhr gemessen. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Maxima- und Minimawerten nach einseitiger Prüfung waren in allen Einzelfunktionen signifikant (P〈0,05). Die Ergebnisse sprechen für eine geringere kardiopulmonale Leistungsfähigkeit in der Nacht. Diese Verminderung wird aber erst bedeutsam, wenn die Arbeit direkt an der Dauerleistungsgrenze geleistet werden müßte. Außerdem ist daraus zu folgern, daß indirekte Methoden zur Bestimmung der $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ sowie die $$\dot W_{170} $$ in der Nachtzeit nicht sinnvoll zur Bestimmung der kardiopulmonalen Leistungsfähigkeit eingesetzt werden können, da die Voraussetzungen dieser Methoden auf die Tageszeit eingeschränkt sind.
    Notes: Abstract The maximal aerobic power of six highly trained young cyclist, mean age 16.3 years and mean $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ 4.9 l/min, was directly measured at intervals of 4 hrs. A Latin square design was used for the test order. At submaximal work of O2-consumption 2.4 to 4.4 l/min no circadian variation of any single function was found. However, at maximal work load the differences between the maxima and minima values were 12.4% for maximal work output ( $$\dot W_{\max } $$ ), 7.8% for expiratory minute volume ( $$\dot V_{E\max } $$ ), 5.7% for maximal aerobic power ( $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ ) and 3.4% for maximal heart rate (HR max). All the functions—with the exception of $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ —had their minima at 0300 hrs; the minima of $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ was reached already at 2300 hours. The maxima-values of $$\dot V_{E\max } $$ and $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ were measured at 1500 hrs, of $$\dot W_{\max } $$ andHR max at 0700 and ofHR rest at 1900 hrs correspondingly. A one-tailed test showed significant differences between the maxima and minima values of all variables (P〈0.05). The results suggest a decreased cardiopulmonary working capacity at night. However, this impairment is only of practical importance if the work will be done near the limit of endurance capacity. Besides it will suggest, that the indirect methods for assessing the cardiopulmonary capacity based on $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } $$ and $$\dot W_{170} $$ are not useful at nighttime, because the presuppositions for these methods are limited of the time of day.
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