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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 18 (1983), S. 2876-2889 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the distributions of crack spacings developed in the 90° ply of 0°/90°/0° glass fibre/epoxy resin laminates under tensile loading show that the ply has a variable strength. As a consequence the strain at which cracking begins is very dependent on the specimen length. The observed distributions of crack spacing are not consistent with the assumption of a uniform strength for the 90° ply. A statistical model provides a good description of the cracking behaviour particularly when the cracks are widely spaced. Magnification of the stress in the matrix between the relatively stiff glass fibres leads to debonding which is observed as a reversible “stress-whitening.” The distributions reveal a lower probability of crack formation in the under-stressed region close to the existing cracks and provide estimates of the size of this region. The method of analysis can be applied to many systems which exhibit multiple fracture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1572-8978
    Keywords: Plasma deposit ; plasma polymer ; allyl amine ; mass spectrometry ; XPS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Inductively coupled, radiofrequency-induced plasmas of allyl amine, operated at low values of electrical power P/ monomer flow rate Φ (ΦP/Φ), have been investigated using mass spectrometry (MS) and deposition rate measurements. The solid, plasma deposit products were obtained as films and analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and grazing angle infra-red (IR). The positiveion MS data indicate that species of the general types (nM − H)+, (nM+H)+, and nM+, where M represents a unit of the starting material (monomer), are present in the plasma. The relative abundance of these was monitored as a function of the electrical power supplied to the plasma. Mass spectrometry of the plasma neutrals revealed that only M and its fragments are present in the plasma: no neutral oligomeric species were detected. XPS analysis revealed that the plasma deposits contain at least three different nitrogen functional groups. The relative proportions of these were only marginally affected by plasma power. The deposition rate increased with P/Φ. The observation of three classes of species in the plasma-phase sets allyl amine apart from other compounds previously studied. We believe that the plasma-phase chemistry accounts for the low retention of amine in the solid-phase plasma product and for the weak dependence of deposit chemistry on P/Φ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Zweck der vorliegenden Arbeit war, eine Entscheidung zwischen den «Mainz»- und «Keele-Theorien» über die Polymerisation der 1,3-Dioxacycloalkane durch wasserfreie Perchlorsäure in Methylendichlorid herbeizuführen. Mittels der Jaacks'schen Methode zur Bestimmung von tertiären Oxoniumionen entdeckten wir, daß deren Konzentration verschwindend klein ist, wenn unter peinlichstem Ausschluß von Feuchtigkeit polymerisiert wird. Wir erzielten diese Resultate mit 1,3-Dioxolan (1), 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan (4) und 1.3-Dioxepan (5). Sie wurden durch unsere Bestimmungen des Gehaltes an Hydroxy-Gruppen unterstützt, die an Polymeren vorgenomrnen wurden, welche mit verschiedenen Redgenzien neutralisiert worden waren.Es folgt hieraus. dall bei eincm Wassergehalt der Reaktionsgemische von weniger als ca. 10-4M die Fortpflanzung überwiegend durch sekundäre Oxoniumionen stattfindet. so daß sie nach dem Plesch-Westerrmann'schen Ringerweiterungsmechanismus verlaufen muß. Da Wasser die Bildung von tertiären Oxoniumionen verursacht. läßt es sich erklären, wieso andere Forscher und auch wir, zuvor in weniger sorgfältig durchgeführten Ansätzen, diese Ionen (manchmal sogar in überwiegenden Mengen) nachweisen konnten.Unsere Befunde beinhalten auch. daß Penczeks Theorie, welche coordinierte Oxy-Carbe-niumionen als die wachsenden Zentren betrachtet, auf die hier diskutierten Systeme nicht anwendbar ist.Der heuristische Wert der Kingerweiterungstheorie wird hier kurz durch einen Hinweis auf eine daraus entstandene neue Methode zur Synthese von «Kronen-Athern» aus 1,3-Dioxacykloalkanen veranschaulicht.
    Notes: The object of the work described was to discriminate between the two principal rival theories concerning the polymerisation of 1,3-dioxacycloalkanes by anhydrous perchloric acid, the “Mainz theory” and the “Keele theory”. By means of Jaacks's method for determining tertiary oxonium ions we found that in polymerisations under the driest conditions the concentration of these is negligibly small. This was done with 1,3-dioxolane (1), 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (4), and 1,3-dioxepane (5), and the findings are supported by determinations of the content of hydroxy groups of polymers prepared and “killed” under different conditions.It follows that when the water content of the reaction mixtures is less than ca. 10-4M the propagation is principally by secondary oxonium ions, and that it must therefore go by the ring-expansion mechanism of Plesch and Westermann.Water causes the formation of tertiary oxonium ions and this probably explains why previously other workers and ourselves had reported their presence, and sometimes their dominance, in reaction mixtures prepared under much less stringent conditions.The recent theory of Penczek, which involves co-ordinated oxy-carbenium ions, is also shown not to be applicable to the systems considered here. -  The heuristic value of the ring-expansion theory is illustrated briefly by reference to a new method of synthesising crown ethers from 1,3-dioxacycloalkanes, which arose from it.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 85 (1973), S. 458-458 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 161 (1972), S. 251-266 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Metathese-Reaktion von Cycloocten wurde unter dem Einfluß verschiedener Lösungsmittel, verschiedener Katalysatorsysteme und Verhältnisse der Katalysatorkomponenten untersucht. Die Ergebnisse lassen darauf schließen, daß die aktiven Katalysatoren Komplexe besonderer Übergangsmetallverbindungen mit Aluminiumhalogeniden darstellen, die zwei Übergangsmetall-Kohlenstoffbindungen enthalten. Eine Struktur des Komplexes wird vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: The metathesis reaction of cyclooctene was investigated with respect to the solvent, the catalyst, and the ratio of its components. A necessary condition for an active metathesis catalyst appears to be the presence of two transition metal-carbon bonds in a complex of the transition metal compound with an aluminum halide. A structure for the active complex is proposed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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