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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Pancreas transplantation ; Enteric drainage ; Intraabdominal infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although the introduction of FK506 and MMF has markedly improved patient and graft outcome after pancreas transplantation, this procedure is still associated with a high surgical complication rate. The aim of the following study was to retrospectively analyze a series of 40 consecutive pancreas transplants with enteric drainage with regard to intraabdominal infection (IAI). Between March 1997 and December 1998 a total of 40 whole pancreas transplants were performed. Prophylactic immunosuppression consisted of an intraoperative single shot ATG (Thymoglobulin), FK506, MMF, and prednisone. The mean observation period was 14.6 (5–26) months. Overall incidence of IAI was 27.5 % (n = 11) leading to pancreatectomy in 5 patients (12.5 %). In the remaining 6 patients the graft could be rescued by necrosectomy and radical drainage of the abscess (5 patients) or percutaneous drainage (1 patient). Pancreatectomy or local infection did not alter kidney graft function in the 11 patients with simultaneous pancreas kidney transplantation. In 10 patients no evidence for leakage at the site of enteric anastomosis was present, one duodenal leak occurred due to ischemia. IAI in the early postoperative period was the predominat risk factor for graft loss. An early and invasive diagnostic approach is recommended to maximize the chance of graft rescue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Pancreas transplantation, technique, in the rat ; Exocrine secretion monitoring, in pancreatic transplantation, in the rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to study exocrine pancreas graft function and cytological findings, a technique of vascularized pancreas transplantation with special reference to a pancreatic juice collecting system has been developed in the rat model. For this purpose, a catheter is introduced into the common bile duct, which is ligated close to the duodenum, thus covering all pancreatic ducts. This catheter is connected to a reservoir implanted subcutaneously, from which pancreatic juice can easily be aspirated. The amount of 0.7–1.2 cc of juice produced over a 24-h period has proven to be sufficient for various analyses and cytological examination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Pancreas transplantation, rat, rejection ; Rejection histology, rat, pancreas transplantation ; Pancreatic ducts, in experimental rejection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract For characterization of histopathological changes during pancreas graft rejection, pancreaticoduodenal transplants were performed in three groups: (1) Brown Norway into diabetic Lewis rats without immunosuppression, (2) Brown Norway into diabetic Lewis rats with cyclosporin A, and (3) Lewis into Lewis rats. Diffuse inflammatory infiltration of the acini by mononuclear cells indicated the onset of rejection (stage I). Shortly after acinar infiltration, damage to small and large interlobular excretion ducts occurred. This took the form of florid circumferential inflammation and vacuolar degeneration of epithelium similar to the bile duct damage seen in primary biliary cirrhosis, graft-versus-host disease, and liver allograft rejection (stage II). Thereafter, endothelialitis and destruction of islets were evident, consistent with a more advanced and irreversible stage of rejection (stage III). Acinar inflammation and moderate duct lesions were not prevented by immunosuppression but were delayed. Nonetheless, severe vascular changes and loss of islets were avoided. We conclude that duct lesions are a reliable criterion for pancreas allograft rejection. They are more sensitive than vascular changes and more specific than cellular infiltration of acinar tissue, which may also occur in infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Pancreas transplantation ; Hyperinsulinemia ; Lipoprotein metabolism ; Atherogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hyperinsulinemia secondary to insulin resistance in type-II diabetes or in the metabolic syndrome is associated with the “atherogenetic lipoprotein phenotype”: high triglycerides, small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. In contrast, hyperinsulinemia in pancreas–kidney transplant recipients (PKT-R), secondary to systemic venous drainage of the heteropically implanted pancreas graft, leads to high lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and a presumably antiatherogenic lipoprotein profile with very attenuated postprandial lipemia, high HDL cholesterol, and a preponderance of large-sized HDL (HDL2) and large buoyant LDL particles. We interpret these findings to suggest that in PKT-R, peripheral hyperinsulinemia upregulates LPL activity in peripheral tissues, which induces rapid clearance of chylomicron triglycerides from plasma and, thus, attenuates postprandial lipemia. Low postprandial lipemia allows little net cholesteryl ester transfer from HDL to triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, keeping the levels of the antiatherogenic lipoprotein HDL high and potentially increasing, thereby reverse cholesterol transport. The type of lipoprotein metabolism and pattern present in PKT-R is associated with a low cardiovascular risk in the general population; it cannot be excluded, however, that hyperinsulinemia as found in PKT-R may contribute to atherosclerosis by effects unrelated to lipoprotein metabolism.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Type I diabetes, pancreas-kidney transplantation, macroangiopathic diseases.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aims/hypothesis . The aim of the study was to examine the effect of pancreas-kidney transplantation on the progression of macrovascular diseases in Type I diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease.¶Methods . The progression of cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease and peripheral vascular disease in uraemic patients with Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and who had had simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation was compared with that of recipients of a kidney transplant alone. Between 1986 and 1998 a total of 11 uraemic diabetic patients received a simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation and 10 diabetic patients a kidney transplant alone. All transplants functioned for at least 24 months, the mean observation period was 69 ± 37 compared with 70 ± 33 months in both patient groups. Macroangiopathic diseases were classified in four stages as described earlier.¶Results. In the group with simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation progression of cerebrovascular and coronary heart disease was observed in four patients (36 %) and progression of peripheral vascular disease in five subjects (45 %). In the cohort with kidney transplant alone four patients (40 %) showed progression of cerebrovascular and coronary heart disease and five progression of peripheral vascular disease (50 %); the difference is not significant. Mean values of HbA1 c (5.8 ± 0.2 vs 7.5 ± 0.6 %, p 〈 0.001) and serum triglycerides (1.2 ± 0.4 vs 2.0 ± 1.0 mmol/l, p 〈 0.05) were significantly lower in the patients with pancreas-kidney transplantation than in the patient group with kidney transplant alone. Serum cholesterol concentrations and blood pressures were similar in both cohorts.¶Conclusion/interpretation. From our results we concluded that pancreas-kidney transplantation reduces risk factors for the development of macroangiopathy but fails to halt progression of macrovascular diseases similar to Type I diabetic patients with kidney transplant alone. [Diabetologia (2000) 43: 231–234]
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Pancreatic transplantation ; Diabetes ; Retinopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Between March 1983 and December 1989 a total of 57 pancreas transplants were performed in 54 patients, of whom 49 also received a kidney for end-stage diabetic nephropathy. Of the surviving 44 patients, 39 had regular pre-operative and post-operative ophthalmological examinations. Diabetic retinopathy was classified according to the original “Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study” (ETDRS) protocol. At the time of this analysis a total of 25 patients had a functioning pancreas transplant and 23 of them also a functioning renal allograft after a mean observation time of 43.2 months (Group 1). They were all free of exogenous insulin, HbA1c being 6.2% (5.1–6.9%;normal value 4.2–5.9%). Fourteen patients in Group 2 lost their pancreas transplant during the first four years. Six of them still have a functioning renal allograft, four patients regularly undergo hemodialysis. Mean HbA1c is 7.5% (5.7–9.2%). Before transplantation, grade of retinopathy according the ETDRS protocol was 6.7 (2–10) in group 1 patients and 7.9 (3–10) in group 2. In group 1 patients stabilisation of retinopathy was observed in 33 eyes (73.3%) and clear improvement achieved in 4 eyes (8.8%). Detonation occurred in 8 eyes (17.7%) only. In group 2, 14 eyes (54%) remained stable, whereas progression of the disease continued in 12 eyes (46%). From these results it is concluded that the course of diabetic retinopathy is positively influenced by successful pancreas transplantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Pancreas transplantation ; Glycaemic indices ; Plasma C-Peptide ; Lipids ; Lipoproteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report the long-term metabolic observations made on 37 patients after simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation. Plasma C-peptide levels were above the physiological range in all patients and there was no significant difference between patients undergoing delayed duct occlusion (n=12) or those with drainage of exocrine secretion into the urinary bladder (n=25). HbA1c was equally at the upper end of the normal range in both subsets of patients. Mean fasting cholesterol (237 mg/dl) and triglycerides (122 mg/dl) were normal, and HDL-cholesterol was above normal with an average concentration of 77 mg/dl. Two patients underwent an oral fat tolerance test and showed extremely low postprandial lipaemia and very high lipoprotein lipase activities. We conclude that patients with a functioning pancreas graft persistently demonstrate normoglycaemia, elevated C-peptide, and a very favourable lipid profile both in the fasting and the postprandial state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Pancreatic transplantation ; Delayed ductocclusion ; Bladder drainage ; Long- term results
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Between April 1985 and August 1990 a total of 51 combined pancreas kidney transplants and 6 single pancreas transplants were performed in 51 Type 1 (insulin — dependent) diabetic patients suffering from end-stage diabetic nephropathy and three patients with proliferative retinopathy. In 17 transplants the pancreatic duct was occluded with a mean delay of 53 days (Group 1). Because of a high incidence of local complications associated with a prolonged hospitalization this technique was abandoned despite favourable results: The actual survival rates for patients, pancreas and renal allografts at 1 year are 94%, 72% and 93%, respectively. From 1987 a total of 39 consecutive segmental pancreas grafts were anastomosed with the urinary bladder (Group 2). Pancreatic secretions were temporarily drained to the exterior in all patients via a duct catheter. Monitoring of the exocrine function including pancreatic secretion cytology and pancreatic secretion neopterin excretion proved to be reliable rejection markers. Survival rates at 1 year were calculated to be 90%, 74% and 89% for all patients, pancreas grafts and renal grafts. Apart from local complications in group I which did not cause any graft loss, the surgical complication rate was comparably low in both groups.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 1 (1987), S. 37-40 
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Aortointestinal fistula ; Aortoesophageal fistula ; Gastrointestinal bleeding ; Emergency endoscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The etiology, diagnostic difficulties and treatment of five cases of aortointestinal fistulas are presented. In all of them, endoscopy played a major diagnostic role. Early diagnosis is essential for elective surgery since reconstruction in the massive bleeding stage has a mortality of up to 80%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Liver transplantation ; selective bowel decontamination ; antibiotic prophylaxis ; infectious complications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch selektive Darmdekontamination mit Tobramycin, Polymyxin E and Amphotericin B über 8 Tage and kurzzeitige Antibiotikatherapie mit Cefotaxim und Tobramycin wurde versucht, die hohe Infektionsrate nach Lebertransplantation zu reduzieren. Nach 53 konsekutiven orthotopen Leberverpflanzungen bei 51 Patienten zwischen 1985 and 1987 traten als klinisch bedeutsamste Infekte 8 Pneumonien auf. Bei 4 Patienten waren these bakterieller Natur, 2 durch Cytomegalovirus verursacht, 1 durch Pneumocystis carnii and 1 durch Candida. 6 Patienten hatten eine Septikämie, wobei nur in 1 Fall ein Venenkatheter als Ausgangspunkt identifiziert werden konnte. Alle Proben zusammengenommen wurde am häufigsten Streptokokkus faecalis kultiviert, ein Keim, der durch das angewendete antimikrobielle Regime nicht erfaßt wird. Pseudomonaden hingegen und gramnegative Stäbchen wurden in einem wesentlich geringeren Prozentsatz nachgewiesen. Vaginale and orale Candidainfektionen erlangten ebenso wie orale and genitale Herpes simplex-Infektionen kaum Krankheitswert und wurden jeweils topisch mit einem Antimykotikum bzw. Acyclovir behandelt. Neben den 2 CMV-Pneumonien wurden auch 3 durch CMV verursachte Hepatitiden beobachtet. Alle CMV-Infekte konnten mit Gancyclovir und Hyperimmunglobulin bei gleichzeitiger Reduktion der Basisimmunosuppression beherrscht werden. Von 15 Patienten, die wegen posthepatitischer Zirrhose transplantiert wurden waren, entwickelten 7 eine Reinfektion des Transplantates (5 HBV, 2 HCV), wovon 2 an der Zirrhose verstarben, 3 mit einer Zirrhose and noch ausreichender Transplantatfunktion leben, wie auch der Patient, der eine chronisch aktive Hepatitis entwickelt hatte. Eine im akuten Leberversagen transplantierte Patientin hat das Deltavirus innerhalb eines Jahres eliminiert. In der perioperativen Phase wurde jedoch kein einziger Patient an einer infektiösen Komplikation verloren, so daβ auch bei fehlender Kontrollgruppe die Darmdekontamination sowie die antibiotische Kurzzeitprophylaxe empfohlen werden können.
    Notes: Summary An attempt was made to reduce the risk of infection following liver transplantation by means of selective bowel decontamination with tobramycin, polymyxin E and amphotericin B, as well as short-term systemic antibiotics with cephotaxim and tobramycin. After 53 consecutive orthotopec hepatic transplants performed in 51 patients between 1985 and 1987, a total of eight pneumonias occurred as the clinically most significant infection. Two pneumonias were caused by cytomegalovirus, one by Pneumocystis carinii, one by Candida and the remaining four by various bacteria. In 6 patients, bacteria were cultured from the blood, but only in one case was an indwelling catheter identified as the source of the septicemia. Taking all samples together, Streptococcus faecalis was the bacterium most frequently cultured, which was not covered by the prophylactic antimicrobial regime applied. Pseudomonas, however, and gram-negative bacteria were demonstrated much less frequently. Vaginal and oral Candida infections, as well as oral and genital herpes simplex infections, responded well to topical therapy with fungicide and aciclovir, respectively. Three patients developed cytomegalovirus (CMV) hepatitis. All five CMV infections were successfully treated with ganciclovir and hyperimmunoglobulin, as well as reduction of prophylactic immunosuppression. Out of 15 patients transplanted for posthepatitic cirrhosis, 7 developed a recurrence of the infection (5 hepatitis B virus) 2 hepatitis C virus) in the graft. Two died of the cirrhosis, three are still alive with cirrhosis but sufficient graft function, and one patient is suffering from chronic active hepatitis. One patient grafted for acute hepatic failure was able to clear the delta virus within 1 year post-transplant. During the perioperative phase, however, we never lost a single patient to infectious complications. Therefore, bowel decontamination and antibiotic prophylaxis, including Streptococcus faecalis, are recommended.
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