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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ARDS ; Multiorganversagen ; Beatmung ; ECMO ; Surfactant ; Key words ARDS ; Multi organ system failure ; Ventilation ; ECMO ; Surfactant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a therapeutic challenge in pediatric intensive care in view of its high mortality. In 1992, about 50 German pediatric intensive care unit doctors founded a working group with the aim of collaborating in clinical research. The objectives of both a prospective and retrospective survey conducted in German pediatric intensive care units in 1993 was to accumulate data on the epidemiology, risk factors and natural history in a large group of pediatric ARDS patients. 112 patients were reported, an incidence of 7 cases per 1 000 admissions to pediatric intensive care units. Half of the children were less than 2 years old. In 43 % of the cases, ARDS was associated with a pulmonary, in 39 % with a underlying systemic disease. Mortality was 46 % and independent of age, sex and triggering event. The number of associated organ failures, however, strongly influenced mortality. The analysis of treatment modalities employed in the patients revealed a lack of uniform therapeutic strategies. On the other hand, the patients were exposed to interventions not yet supported by controlled trials. The data gathered in this survey provide the basis for the design of prospective multicenter studies urgently needed to evaluate innovative treatment modalities in pediatric ARDS. Recommendations on ventilatory management and patient monitoring are included for this purpose.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) ist auch in der pädiatrischen Intensivmedizin angesichts der hohen Letalität eine therapeutische Herausforderung. 1992 haben sich deshalb etwa 50 deutsche Kinderkliniken in einer informellen Arbeitsgemeinschaft zusammengeschlossen, deren Ziel die Erarbeitung gemeinsamer therapeutischer Strategien ist. Um Daten über Epidemiologie, Risikofaktoren und Verlauf zu gewinnen, führten wir 1993 anhand eines standardisierten Fragebogens für die Jahre von 1991–1993 eine prospektive und retrospektive Erhebung in deutschen Kinderkliniken durch. 112 Kinder wurden gemeldet. Die Inzidenz entsprach 7 Fällen auf 1 000 pädiatrische Intensivpatienten. Die Hälfte der Kinder war jünger als 2 Jahre alt. In 43 % der Fälle entwickelte sich das ARDS aus einer pulmonalen, in 39 % aus einer systemischen Grundkrankheit, 18 % ließen sich nicht in diese Kategorien klassifizieren. Die Letalität lag bei 46 % ohne Zusammenhang mit Alter, Geschlecht oder auslösender Ursache. Die Anzahl der begleitenden Organversagen hatte dagegen einen signifikanten Einfluß auf die Prognose. Die Übersicht über die Behandlungsmaßnahmen zeigte, daß einheitliche therapeutische Strategien derzeit nicht existieren und andererseits eine Reihe bisher ungeprüfter Therapieverfahren eingesetzt wurde. Die in dieser Untersuchung gewonnenen Informationen stellen eine wichtige Grundlage für die Planung prospektiver multizentrischer Studien beim ARDS im Kindesalter dar. Die vorgestellten Empfehlungen zur Beatmungsgtherapie wurden unter diesem Gesichtspunkt erstellt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Nitric oxide ; Methemoglobin ; Methemoglobinemia ; Adverse effects ; Ascorbic acid ; Glutathione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The objective of the present study was to investigate the treatment of nitric oxide (NO)-induced methemoglobinemia by ascorbate and its consequences on red blood cell (RBC) glutathione in vitro. RBC were obtained from five healthy volunteers. The following experiments were carried out: (1) After methemoglobin generation by NO, ascorbate was added (2) RBC were simultaneously exposed to NO and ascorbate (3) Methemoglobin was generated by NO, ascorbate was added and incubation with NO continued. (1) After discontinuation of NO, the mean half life for methemoglobin was reduced from 195 min (controls) to 60 min (10 mM ascorbate) in a dose-dependent manner. (2) Methemoglobin formation after 3 h of NO exposure was 2.7 ± 0.3 % in controls and 1.8 ± 0.1 % with 10 mM ascorbate (p 〈 0.01). (3) Further methemoglobin formation was inhibited only by 10 mM ascorbate (p 〈 0.001). NO incubation did not affect RBC glutathione (86.5 ± 19.6 and 86.5 ± 19.6 mg/l, respectively). Treatment with 10 mM ascorbate significantly decreased glutathione (p 〈 0.002). In vitro, NO-induced methemoglobin formation is significantly decreased only by a high (10 mM) ascorbate concentration. Glutathione, critical for ascorbate activity, is not influenced by NO.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 147 (1988), S. 341-349 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Eiosanoids ; Prostaglandins ; Modulation ; Mediation ; Early life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Prostanoids are unsaturated cyclic fatty acids, are synthesized primarily from arachidonic acid, and, like the leukotrienes, belong to the growing family of eicosanoids. As tissue hormones, prostanoids act on specific receptors near their site of synthesis and degradation. Prostanoids operate as modulators and mediators in a large spectrum of physiological processes. They are involved in the regulation of maternal and fetal circulation, patency of the ductus arteriosus, plateletvessel wall interaction and kidney function. Besides their physiological function in protecting organ perfusion under stress conditions, they are also involved in diseases as described in the hyperprostaglandin E2-syndrome or — together with leukotrienes-in inflammatory processes. More specific pharmacological tools than the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, such as receptor antagonists, selective synthesis inhibitors, and eicosanoid analogues offer the prospect of enriching our arsenal of pharmacotherapeutic interventions in a variety of diseases. Before active intervention, however, more and specific biochemical analyses are required to identify the pathophysiological role of eicosanoid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Mechanical ventilation ; Preterm infant ; Extra-alveolar air leakage ; Randomised trial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two different ventilation techniques were compared in a seven-centre, randomised trial with 181 preterm infants up to and including 32 completed weeks gestational age, who needed mechanical ventilation because of lung disease of any type. Technique A used a constant rate (60 cycles/min), inspiratory time (IT) (0.33s) and inspiratory: expiratory ratio (I∶E) (1∶2). The tidal and minute volume was only changed by varying peak inspiratory pressure until weaning via continuous positive airway pressure. Technique B used a lower rate (30 cycles/min) with longer IT (1.0s). The I∶E ratio could be changed from 1∶1 to 2∶1 in case of hypoxaemia. Chest X-rays taken at fixed intervals were evaluated by a paediatric radiologist and a neonatologist unaware of the type of ventilation used in the patients. A reduction of at least 20% in extra-alveolar air leakage (EAL) or death prior to EAl was supposed in infants ventilated by method A. A sequential design was used to test this hypothesis. The null hypothesis was rejected (P=0.05) when the 22nd untied pair was completed. The largest reduction in EAL (−55%) was observed in the subgroup 31–32 weeks of gestation and none in the most immature group (〈28 weeks). We conclude that in preterm infants requiring mechanical ventilation for any reason of lung insufficiency, ventilation at 60 cycles/min and short IT (0.33s) significantly reduces EAL or prior death compared with 30 cycles/min and a longer IT of 1s. We speculate that a further increase in rate and reduction of IT would also lower the risk of barotrauma in the most immature and susceptible infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 156 (1997), S. 389-391 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words HELLP syndrome  ;  Prematurity  ;   Respiratory distress syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To compare the impact of maternal haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome, uncomplicated hypertension in pregnancy (HIP), and no hypertension (controls) on neonatal morbidity and mortality, 108 infants were matched with respect to gestational age, date of birth, and gender. The HELLP group infants had more grade 3 and 4 respiratory distress syndromes (36%) than the HIP group (19%) or controls (11%). Cardiovascular instability (arterial hypotension, volume resuscitation) was significantly more common in HELLP neonates (20% and 31%) than in HIP infants (9% and 6%) or controls (3% and 9%). Both, HELLP and HIP infants showed a higher incidence of growth retardation than the controls. After 32 weeks of gestation the incidence of severe neonatal morbidity was not different. Conclusion Before 32 weeks of gestation both respir-atory and cardiovascular morbidity and intra-uterine growth retardation associated with HIP is further aggravated by a maternal HELLP syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 157 (1998), S. 440-440 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Indomethacin ; Drug level monitoring ; Infant, premature ; Ductus arteriosus, patent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Indomethacin treatment for 1 week monitored by drug level determinations was evaluated in 32 preterm infants with symptomatic patent ductus arteriousus (sPDA). Inter- and intra-individual indomethacin dispositions varied considerably with the need for marked dosage adjustments to maintain the drug level within the proposed therapeutic range. The overall success rate of this prolonged treatment was 63%. There were no significant differences between the groups of responders (n=20), relapsers (n=5) and non-responders (n=7) with respect to postnatal age, sex, total indomethacin dose, and indomethacin serum concentrations. The responders, however, had significantly higher birth weights. Eighty-five percent of infants weighing more than 1000g (n=20) were treated successfully. Only four of these children experienced adverse reactions. The benefit-to-risk ratio was lowest in the group of infants weighing 1000 g or less (n=12) with a success rate of only 25% and, potentially, severe adverse reactions in ten infants. In conclusion, prolonged indomethacin treatment is an alternative to conventional short-term treatment and appears to be particularly efficacious and safe in infants weighing more than 1000 g. In infants weighing 1000 g or less and suffering from severe pulmonary diseases, this treatment cannot generally be recommended. The advantage of on-line drug level monitoring during indomethacin treatment deserves further investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 31 (1986), S. 303-305 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: prostanoid concentrations ; plasma ; gas chromatography/mass spectrometry ; PGE2 ; PGF2α ; 6-keto-PGF1α ; TxB2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma concentrations of PGE2, PGF2α, 6-keto-PGF1α and TxB2 were determined in 4 healthy volunteers by gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. TxB2 concentrations in all volunteers increased with time during blood collection, increases occurred more sporadically in the case of PGE2, PGF2α and 6-keto-PGF1α. Rapid changes in plasma prostanoid concentrations within a sampling series were unpredictable and were inexplicable. The measured plasma prostanoid concentrations apparently depended on the sampling conditions, which could not be adequately standardized and controlled. However, very short term changes in plasma prostanoid levels cannot be excluded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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