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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 20 (2002), S. 165-196 
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) have been considered to be mediated by different molecular mechanisms because both target DNAs and DNA modification products are quite distinct. However, involvement of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in both CSR and SHM has revealed that the two genetic alteration mechanisms are surprisingly similar. Accumulating data led us to propose the following scenario: AID is likely to be an RNA editing enzyme that modifies an unknown pre-mRNA to generate mRNA encoding a nicking endonuclease specific to the stem-loop structure. Transcription of the S and V regions, which contain palindromic sequences, leads to transient denaturation, forming the stem-loop structure that is cleaved by the AID-regulated endonuclease. Cleaved single-strand tails will be processed by error-prone DNA polymerase-mediated gap-filling or exonuclease-mediated resection. Mismatched bases will be corrected or fixed by mismatch repair enzymes. CSR ends are then ligated by the NHEJ system while SHM nicks are repaired by another ligation system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a risk factor for the development of gastric cancer. Here we show that infection of gastric epithelial cells with 'cag' pathogenicity island (cagPAI)-positive H. pylori induced aberrant expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 416 (2002), S. 340-345 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The switch of the immunoglobulin isotype from IgM to IgG, IgE or IgA is mediated by class switch recombination (CSR). CSR changes the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region (CH) gene from Cμ to one of the other CH genes. Somatic hypermutation introduces massive ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] One of the front lines of the immune defence is the gut mucosa, where immunoglobulin-α (IgA) is continuously produced to react with commensal bacteria and dietary antigens. It is generally accepted that, after antigenic stimulation in the Peyer's patches, IgA+ ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: p53 protein ; breast cancer ; lymph node metastasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The p53 expression in invasive breast cancers from 106 patients was correlated with clinicopathological variables to ascertain its usefulness for estimating prognosis. The p53 expression was significantly associated with the number of axillary lymph node metastases and the presence of internal mammary lymph node metastases; however, it was not associated with age, menopausal status, histologic type, or tumor size. Although p53 expression was a significant prognostic factor according to univariate analysis, it did not appear to be an independent prognostic factor according to multivariate analysis. Thus, the prognostic power of p53 expression is likely to be weak and therefore probably of limited clinical value. Nevertheless, the number of patients in our study was small, and we believe that an investigation of a larger series of patients is indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: SDI test ; chemosensitivity test ; MTT assay ; antitumor drug ; gastric cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An in vitro chemosensitivity study of both biopsy specimens and surgically resected tumors of advanced gastric cancer from 12 patients was evaluated using the succinate dehydrogenase inhibition (SDI) test. A decrease in succinate dehydrogenase (SD) activity as an indicator of chemosensitivity was determined using cisplatin (CDDP), etoposide (VP-16), and mitomycin C (MMC). In this study, 29 of a total 36 experiments were evaluable (80.6%) and significant correlations were found in all three of the antitumor drugs (P〈0.03). This finding suggests that the SDI test using biopsy specimens may prove valuable for assessing the preoperative chemosensitivity of advanced gastric cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: breast cancer ; extended radical mastectomy ; internal mammary lymph node ; multivariate analysis ; metastasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We performed a new type of en bloc extended radical mastectomy (EXT) as a clinical trial in 118 patients from 1980 through 1985. A variety of conventional radical mastectomies (RDL) were also undertaken in 105 patients from 1973 through 1985. In this retrospective study, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to compare the results of EXT and RDL. The univariate analysis showed that the 10-year survival rates for the EXT and the RDL groups were 86% ± 3.3% and 77% ± 4.2%, respectively (P = 0.073 with the Cox-Mantel test). For the subgroups stratified according to the status of axillary lymph node involvement, the EXT was significantly better in patients with one to three metastatic axillary lymph nodes (P = 0.016). The adjusted Cox regression analysis revealed that the favorable results of EXT were most encouraging in the patients with one to three metastatic axillary lymph nodes (P = 0.058). Therefore, it is suggested that an EXT may be more advantageous than RDL in selected patients with resectable invasive breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: breast cancer ; epidermal growth factor receptor ; prognosis ; lymph node metastasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The association between epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression, clinicopathological variables, silver-stained nuclear organizer region (Ag-NOR) counts, and patient survival was determined in 93 patients with operable breast cancer. The EGFR expression was found to be significantly associated with the presence and number of axillary lymph node metastases (P = 0.0429), but not with age, menopausal status, tumor size, histologic type or grade, or Ag-NOR counts. In a univariate analysis, a significant difference was also observed in the survival of patients stratified by tumor size (P = 0.0091), histologic grade (P = 0.0352), axillarly lymph node metastases (P = 0.0001), and EGFR expression (P = 0.0263). However, a multivariate analysis revealed that axillarly lymph node metastases was the only strong independent predictor ol'survival (P 〈 0.0001). When axillary lymph node metastases were excluded from the Cox model, the EGFR expression tended to be an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.0558). The results of this study thus indicate that the prognostic value of EGFR expression is limited because the EGFR expression is significantly associated with axillary lymph node metastases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cinquante-cinq cas de cancer gastrique avancé, à potentiel très malin (stade IV à l'imagerie préopératoire), ont été traités par une chimiothérapie PMUE comprenant une combinaison de CDDP, 75 mg/m2, MMC, 10 mg/Kg poids corporel, d'etopocide, 150 mg/Kg poids corporel et d'UFT, 400 mg/jour. Le CDDP et le MMC ont été donnés par voie intraveineuse à Jl, suivis d'etoposide, 50 mg/jour aux jours 3, 4 et 5. Tous les patients avaient des lésions qui ont pu être évaluées par la tomodensitométrie avant et après le traitement. Ces patients ont été randomisés en deux groupes: 29 ont eu une chimiothérapie néoadjuvante (CNA) par le PMUE en préopératoire, alors que les 26 autres ont d'abord été opérés, et ensuite ont reçu une chimiothérapie PMUE (groupe contrôle). Les caractéristiques des deux groupes ne différaient pas de façon significative. Le taux de réponse était plus haut dans le groupe CNA par rapport au groupe contrôle (62% contre 35%). Le taux de résecabilité était respectivement, de 79 et 88% dans les deux groupes. Le taux de cas potentiellement curables, cependant, était plus élevé dans le groupe CNA par rapport au groupe contrôle (38% contre 15%). Dans les cas de cancer gastrique non réséqués, le pronostic était extrêmement mauvais, quel que soit le groupe. Dans les cancers réséqués, la survie était significativement plus élevée dans le groupe CNA comparé au groupe contrôle. Ces résultats indiquent que chez les patients ayant un cancer gastrique avancé à potentiel très malin, une chimiothérapie néoadjuvante (d'emblée), suivie de chirurgie, peut être le meilleur choix thérapeutique.
    Abstract: Resumen Cincuenta y cinco casos de cáncer gástrico avanzado, en los cuales se había confirmado el Estado IV mediante imágenes diagnósticas preoperatorias, recibieron quimioterapia PMVE con el uso combinado de cisplatino (CDDP) 75 mg/m2, MMC 10 mg/cuerpo, Ectoposide 150 mg/cuerpo y VHF 400 mg/día. El CDDP y el MMC fueron administrados por vía intravenosa en el primer día, seguidos de Ectoposide 50 mg/día en los días 3, 4 y 5. Todos los pacientes exhibían lesiones medibles, las cuales fueron valoradas por escanografía computadorizada antes y después del tratamiento. Los pacientes fueron ubicados al azar en dos grupos; 29 quedaron en el grupo de la quimioterapia neoadyuvante (QNA) en el cual la quimioterapia PMVE fue practicada preoperatoriamente, y los 26 pacientes restantes fueron sometidos primero a operación y luego a quimioterapia PMVE, constituyendose en el grupo de control. Los antecedentes médicos no eran significativamente diferentes en los dos grupos. La respuesta fue mayor en el grupo de QNA en comparación con el grupo control (62% vs 35%). La tasa de resecabilidad fue de 79% y 88% en el grupo QNA y en el grupo de control, respectivamente. Sin embargo, la rata de casos potencialmente curables fue más alta en el grupo de QNA, en comparación con el grupo control (38% vs 15%). En los casos no resecados, sin embargo, la tasa de sobrevida fue significativamente superior en el grupo de QNA en comparación con el grupo control. Tales resulados pueden significar que en pacientes con cáncer gástrico de alto grado y en estado avanzado se debe considerar primero la quimioterapia como paso inicial (quimioterapia neodyuvante), y luego la cirugía.
    Notes: Abstract Fifty-five patients with high-grade advanced gastric cancer in whom the presence of stage IV was confirmed by preoperative diagnostic imaging were treated with PMUE therapy by a combined use of cisplatin (CDDP) 75 mg/m2, mitomycin C (MMC) 10 mg/body, etoposide 150 mg/body, and UFT (a combination of 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil and uracil in a molar ratio of 1∶4) 400 mg/day. CDDP and MMC was administered intravenously on the first day, followed by etoposide 50 mg/day on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th days. All the patients had measurable lesions that were evaluated by computed tomography scanning before and after the treatments. These patients were allocated randomly to two groups. Of these cases, 29 belonged to the neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) group to whom PMUE therapy was given preoperatively; the remaining 26 patients underwent operation first and received PMUE thereafter (control group). Background factors did not differ significantly between the two groups. The response rate was higher in the NAC group than in the control group (62% in the former versus 35% in the latter). The resectability rates were 79% and 88% in the NAC and control groups, respectively. However, the rate of potentially curable cases was higher in the NAC group than in the control group (38% in the former versus 15% in the latter). Among the nonresection cases, the prognosis was highly unfavorable in both groups. In the resection cases, however, the survival rate was significantly better in the NAC group than in the control group. These results may indicate that in patients with high-grade, advanced gastric cancer initial chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) and then surgery should be considered.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Neurenteric cyst ; Enterogenous cyst ; Cilia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Claw-like projections and related structures on cilium tips in neurenteric cyst epithelium are described. The ciliary claws are about 20 nm in length and just beneath them four parallel electron-dense areas or lines are discernible. Similar structures were also observed in another case of neurenteric cyst. These structures are very similar to those reported previously, and it is suggested that they are commonly present in various ciliated epithelia in Man.
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