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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative determination of effective dipole and monopole moments of magnetic force microscopy tips (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 3410-3417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present experimental results on the characterization of commercially available magnetic force microscopy (MFM) thin film tips as a function of an external magnetic field. Well defined magnetic stray fields are produced using current carrying rings with radii ranging between 603 and 2369 nm fabricated by electron-beam lithography directly imaged by MFM. Treating the MFM tip as a point probe, the analysis of the image contrast as a function of both the magnetic stray field and the lift height allows for a quantitative determination of effective magnetic dipole and monopole moments of the tip as well as their imaginary location within the real physical tip. Our systematic study gives a quantitative relationship on how absolute values of the magnetic dipole and monopole moments and their location within the tip depend on a characteristic decay length of the z component of the magnetic field being detected. From this we can estimate the effective tip volume of the real physical thin film tip relevant in MFM imaging. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371222
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and characterization of large scale periodic magnetic nanostructures (abstract) : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 5474-5474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on the preparation and characterization of large scale periodic magnetic nanostructures designed as possible candidates for a future application in magnetic data storage technology. The nanostructures are prepared on glass substrates by UHV electron beam evaporation of Fe, Co, or Co/Pt onto periodically patterned photoresist masks followed by a lift-off of the photoresist. The preceding patterning process of the photoresist is achieved by using an interference lithography process in combination with subsequent selective etching. For the exposure of the photoresist, we use two different experimental setups with Ar ion lasers operating at wavelengths of 457 and 244 nm, respectively. This allows us to control diameter as well as distances between magnetic dots ranging between 300 and 3000 nm. The structural characterization of magnetic nanostructures is performed by electron microscopy as well as atomic force microscopy. Magnetic force microscopy along with additional image calculations based on dipole–dipole interaction between a magnetic tip and a magnetic dot allows for an interpretation of the magnetic properties of single magnetic dots. Accompanying work focuses on comparable nanostructures of smaller sized samples prepared by electron-beam lithography. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364630
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fabrication of large scale periodic magnetic nanostructures (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 1753-1757 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on the fabrication of large scale periodic magnetic nanostructures designed as possible candidates for a future application in magnetic data storage technology. The nanostructures are prepared on glass substrates by electron beam evaporation of Fe or Co onto photoresist masks, which are periodically patterned using optical interference lithography with an Ar+ laser (λ=457.8 nm) in combination with subsequent selective etching. We present our first results on the fabrication of periodic arrays of isolated magnetic dots with an average diameter of 600 nm and periodicity of 900 nm over areas of 5 cm2. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.366895
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetization reversal and coercivity of magnetic-force microscopy tips (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 6098-6104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An experimental technique is presented that allows determining the magnetization reversal and coercivity of magnetic-force microscopy (MFM) tips. An Ω-shaped current carrying gold ring with a radius of 2400 nm fabricated by electron-beam lithography and a lift-off technique is charged with a constant current in order to produce a magnetic stray field in the z direction that is detected by MFM. While an oscillating MFM tip is continuously raster scanned across the center of the current ring, an external magnetic field is applied in the z direction and increased in magnitude in order to reverse the tip magnetization during imaging. Thus, the corresponding changes in the measured image contrast exclusively describe the magnetization reversal and coercivity of the particular part of the tip that is used for imaging. We have investigated commercially available thin-film tips and we find that the hysteresis loops measured with MFM may be significantly different as compared to hysteresis loops measured by means of superconducting quantum interference magnetometry on the respective magnetic tip coatings of the same tip. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1368872
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetization reversal and coercivity of a single-domain Co/Pt dot measured with a calibrated magnetic force microscope tip (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 2020-2022 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetization reversal and the coercivity of a nanofabricated single-domain 230 nm diam Co/Pt multilayer dot with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy are measured quantitatively with magnetic force microscopy (MFM). During MFM imaging, a variable external magnetic field ranging between −1 kOe〈H〈1 kOe is applied in the z direction in order to simultaneously reverse the magnetizations of both the single-domain Co/Pt dot and the MFM tip. The hysteresis loop of the Co/Pt dot can be extracted unambiguously from the resulting MFM image contrast, since we have used a calibrated MFM tip, for which the magnetization reversal has been determined independently also by MFM using a nanofabricated current carrying ring. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1361100
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative determination of the magnetization and stray field of a single domain Co/Pt dot with magnetic force microscopy (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 3094-3096 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The z-component of both the magnetization and the stray field of a nanometer sized single domain magnetic Co/Pt multilayer dot with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is determined quantitatively within the point probe approximation by magnetic force microscopy (MFM). The MFM tip used is calibrated by probing omega-shaped nanosized current rings fabricated by electron-beam lithography. Since the stray field geometry of the dot and the current rings are similar, the calibrated tip can be used to determine quantitatively the magnetization and the stray field of the dot with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126534
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multispeckle autocorrelation spectroscopy and its application to the investigation of ultraslow dynamical processes (1996)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 104 (1996), S. 1758-1761 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We describe a modification of conventional dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a CCD camera as optical area detector. Scattered intensity autocorrelation functions are determined using both ensemble- and time-averaging. Therefore, the new setup allows for much shorter measurement times compared to conventional DLS. Our apparatus has been checked by investigating a dilute dispersion of polystyrene (PS)–microgel lattices in glycerol. The results agree well with DLS measurements using the standard setup. Further, we present data for ultraslow dynamical processes in highly concentrated nonergodic suspensions of PS–microgel lattices, where the new technique, due to its shorter measurement time and much better statistical accuracy as compared to conventional DLS, is most useful. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.470761
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salivary concentrations of steroid hormones in males and in cycling and postmenopausal females with and without periodontitis (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of periodontal research 19 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0765
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Concentrations of testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, eslradiol, progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, and cortisol were measured in the saliva by radioimmunoassay. Saliva from male and cycling and postmenopausal female patients with and without periodontitis was studied.It was found that salivary concentration of progesterone was increased in all patients with periodontitis. While testosterone was significantly increased in the female diabetic and non-diabetic patients with periodontitis, no difference in its concentration was found in the saliva of non-diabetic males with and without periodontitis. Salivary dehydroepiandrosterone was also increased in postmenopausal females with periodontitis. In contrast, estradiol was significantly decreased or not measurable in all patient groups with periodontitis. The concentration of cortisol and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone showed no significant differences in postmenopausal patients with and without periodontitis. In addition, the salivary concentration of all hormones in postmenopausal females showed circadian variation. Moreover, results obtained in postmenopausal and ovariectomized females provided evidence for extragonadal production of sex steroid hormones in postmenopausal females.The present results suggest that there is a relationship between the altered production of sex steroid hormones and the incidence of periodontal pathology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1984.tb01311.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The construction and performance of a large cylindrical wire chamber with cathode readout
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: 323 (1992), S. 162-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0168-9002
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0168-9002(92)90283-A
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multi-speckle autocorrelation spectroscopy — a new strategy to monitor ultraslow dynamics in dense and nonergodic media (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 104 (1997), S. 40-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Photon correlation spectroscopy ; nonergodic systems ; ensemble averaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We present a modification of the conventional dynamic light scattering set-up which allows to monitor the intensity fluctuations of many independent spatial Fourier components of the density fluctuations, i.e. “speckles”, simultaneously by using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera as area detector. By averaging over the intensity autocorrelation function the final 10–20% decay of the intermediate scattering function in very dense colloidal dispersions is obtained with much higher accuracy. At the same time this multi-speckle autocorrelation spectroscopy provides an alternative route for constructing ensemble-averaged intermediate scattering functions in nonergodic media by replacing the average over many independent sample volumes by an average over independent spatial Fourier components of the density fluctuations. We will survey the methods proposed so far to generate ensemble averages in nonergodic media and discuss their merits and limits. We then demonstrate the advantages of the new technique, taking as an example a colloidal dispersion where in the glassy state long-lived density fluctuations superimpose on the frozen ones. Finally, we make a direct comparison with another “speckle-averaging” technique, the “interleaved sampling” method, which has been proposed and applied to the same system recently [J. Müller, T. Palberg, Progr. Coll. Polym. Sci. (1996) 100:121–126].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01182413
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