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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 19 (1991), S. 139-152 
    ISSN: 0165-2370
    Keywords: Analysis ; degradation products ; lignins ; polysaccharides ; pulps ; pyrolysis ; wood.
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 25 (1993), S. 209-227 
    ISSN: 0165-2370
    Keywords: Kraft pulps ; lignin ; multivariate data analysis ; polysaccharides ; pyrolysis ; quantitative analysis.
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 46 (1997), S. 964-968 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hämodilution ; Allogene Transfusion ; Fremdblutsparende Maßnahmen ; Anämie ; Hyperoxische Beatmung ; Key words Hemodilution ; Allogeneic blood transfusion ; Blood-saving methods ; Anemia ; Hyperoxic ventilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract We report the case of a 22-year-old woman who underwent two-step scoliosis surgery without allogeneic transfusion, although the intraoperative blood loss (3500 ml) during the first procedure was higher than the calculated blood volume (3250 ml). Preoperatively the patient had donated four units of autologous blood. Intraoperatively blood-saving methods were combined. During the first operation acute normovolemic hemodilution (target hemoglobin 9.0 g/dl) was applied and during the second operation controlled hypotension (systolic blood pressure 80 mmHg). Intraoperative autotransfusion was used in both procedures. During the first operation severe normovolemic anemia (minimal hemoglobin 3.5 g/dl) was accepted while the patient was ventilated with FiO2 1.0. The hemoglobin concentration was 8.6 g/dl after the first procedure and had increased to 11.6 g/dl 4 weeks after the second procedure. No severe complications occurred during the postoperative phase. This case report shows that also in surgical procedures with extreme blood loss any allogeneic transfusion can be avoided by the combination of blood-saving methods, acceptance of low intraoperative transfusion trigger and ventilation with 100% oxygen.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Fallbericht beschreibt, wie bei einer 22jährigen Patientin während einer zweizeitigen Respondylodeseoperation jegliche allogene Transfusion vermieden werden konnte, obwohl der Gesamtblutverlust (3500 ml) beim Ersteingriff das berechnete Blutvolumen (3250 ml) überstieg. Präoperativ hatte die Patientin 4 Eigenblutkonserven gespendet. Intraoperativ wurden fremdblutsparende Techniken kombiniert: während des Ersteingriffs wurden eine präoperative normovolämische Hämodilution (Zielhämoglobinkonzentration 9,0 g/dl), während des Zweiteingriffs eine kontrollierte Hypotension (systolischer Blutdruck 80 mmHg) durchgeführt, bei beiden Eingriffen wurde außerdem intraoperativ ein Cell-Saver eingesetzt. Im Rahmen der akuten normovolämischen Hämodilution (ANH) wurde beim Ersteingriff eine ausgeprägte, normovolämische Anämie (minimale Hämoglobinkonzentration 3,5 g/dl) während Beatmung mit einer FiO2 von 1,0 akzeptiert. Nach dem Ersteingriff betrug die Hämoglobinkonzentration 8,6 g/dl und war 4 Wochen nach dem Zweiteingriff auf 11,6 g/dl angestiegen. Der postoperative Verlauf war nach beiden Eingriffen komplikationslos. Dieser Fall zeigt, daß durch die Akzeptanz und Kombination von fremdblutsparenden Techniken, niedriger intraoperativer Transfusionstrigger und Beatmung mit reinem Sauerstoff elektive Eingriffe mit extremem Blutverlust ohne allogene Transfusionen durchgeführt werden können.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Akute normovolämische Hämodilution ; ANH ; Ventrikelfunktion ; Diastolische Relaxation ; Conductancetechnik ; Radioaktive Mikrosphärentechnik ; Schweine ; Keywords Acute normovolemic hemodilution ; ANH ; Ventricular function ; Diastolic relaxation ; Conductance technique ; Radioactive microspheres technique ; Pigs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Ischemia-induced changes of diastolic leftventricular (LV) properties commonly precede corresponding ECG-changes. In the present experimental study the consequences of acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) induced dilutional anemia (hematocrit, hct 20%) for LV diastolic function were investigated. A total of 22 anaesthetized, splenectomized beagle dogs breathing room air were hemodiluted with isooncotic hydroxyethylstarch solution (6%HAES 200.000/0.5) until a hct value of 20% was reached. Before and after ANH intravascular blood volume (indocyaningreen dilution technique), global and regional myocardial blood flow (radioactive microspheres technique) and the following parameters reflecting LV diastolic properties were ascertained: 1) the maximum rate of LV pressure decrease (LVdp/dtmin), 2) slope and intercept of the enddiastolic pressure-volume relationship (EDPVR, conductance technique) and 3) the time-constant of isovolumic LV pressure decline “τ”. After ANH to hct 20% diastolic LV function was found unchanged. Particularly the load-independent parameters (EDPVR-slope and τ) remained constant. The decrease of LV dp/dtmin (−2724±479 vs. −2388±408 mmHg·sek−1; p〈0.05) reflects ANH induced changes of LV pre- and afterload. Signs of subendocardial perfusion mismatch were not encountered. Presumed that the coronary vascular system is intact ANH to hct 20% does not provoque changes of LV diastolic function. Moreover neither myocardial perfusion and oxygenation nor myocardial function are endangered by this degree of dilutional anemia.
    Notes: Zusamenfassung Ischämiebedingte Veränderungen der linksventrikulären (LV) Relaxationseigenschaften gehen häufig entsprechenden EKG-Veränderungen voraus. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden tierexperimentellen Untersuchung sollte geklärt werden, ob eine durch akute normovolämische Hämodilution (ANH) induzierte Verdünnungsanämie (Hämatokrit, HKT, 20%) mit Veränderungen der diastolischen LV-Funktion einhergeht. Bei Raumluftbeatmung wurde 22 narkotisierten, splenektomierten Beagle-Zuchthunden so lange Vollblut entzogen und simultan durch isoonkotische Hydroxyäthylstärke (6% HÄS 200.000/0,5) ersetzt, bis ein HKT-Wert von 20% erreicht war. Vor und nach ANH wurden das intravasale Blutvolumen (Indozyaningrün-Verdünnungsmethode), die regionale Myokardperfusion (radioaktive Mikrosphärentechnik) sowie folgende Parameter der LV-Diastolenfunktion mittels kontinuierlicher LV-Katheterisierung bestimmt: 1) die maximale Druckabfallsgeschwindigkeit im linken Ventrikel, LV dp/dtmin, 2) die Beziehung zwischen LV-Druck und Volumen zum Zeitpunkt der Enddiastole bei unterschiedlicher LV-Vorlast (enddiastolic pressure volume relationship – EDPVR; Conductance-Methode) und 3) die Relaxationszeitkonstante “τ” des LV-Myokards. Die diastolische LV-Funktion änderte sich nach ANH auf HKT 20% in unserem Modell nicht. Insbesondere die lastunabhängigen Parameter (EDPVR-Steigung und τ) waren nach ANH unverändert. Die Abnahme von dp/dt min (−2724±479 vs. −2388±408 mmHg·s−1; p〈0,05) kann als Ausdruck der nach ANH veränderten LV Vor- und Nachlast gewertet werden. Anzeichen einer subendokardialen Minderperfusion traten nicht auf. Eine ANH auf HKT 20% führt bei Hunden mit intakten Koronargefäßen zu keinen Veränderungen der diastolischen LV-Funktion. Eine Gefährdung von myokardialer Perfusion, Oxygenierung und Funktion kann bei diesem Grad der Verdünnungsanämie ausgeschlossen werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Aerosols ; Epoprostenol ; Toxicity ; Lung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To study the potential side effects and toxicity of inhaling prostacyclin (PGI2) aerosol for 8 h. Design: In a prospective, randomized study 14 healthy lambs received either PGI2 (n=7) or 0.9% NaCl (n=7) as an aerosol for 8 h. Setting: Institute for Surgical Research of the Ludwig-Maximilians- University of Munich. Interventions: All animals were studied under general anesthesia in a prone position. They were first intubated endotracheally and later tracheotomized. PGI2 solution (median dose 28 ng/kg per min) or 0.9% NaCl was administered with a jet nebulizer (delivery rate 4–10 ml/h; mass median diameter of aerosol particles 3.1 μm). Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed before and after the inhalation period to collect epithelial lining fluid of alveoli. Measurements and results: Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters, systemic resorption (plasma levels of 6-keto-prostaglandin-F1α), in vitro bleeding time, collagen-induced platelet aggregation and global biochemical and cellular composition of the epithelial lining fluid were examined in order to assess the side effects and signs of acute pulmonary toxicity induced by inhaled PGI2. No statistically significant differences were found between the PGI2 and the control groups for any of the parameters examined. Conclusion: Inhalation of PGI2 (28 ng/kg per min) over a period of 8 h in healthy lambs does not produce major side effects or acute pulmonary toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Lung transplantation ; Inhaled vasodilators ; Nitric oxide ; Pulmonary hypertension ; Selective pulmonary vasodilation ; Reperfusion injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Inhalation of high concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to improve gas exchange and to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance in individuals with ischemia-reperfusion injury following orthotopic lung transplantation. We assessed the cardiopulmonary effects of low doses of NO in early allograft dysfunction following lung transplantion. Design: Prospective clinical dose- response study. Setting: Anesthesiological intensive care unit of a university hospital. Patients and participants: 8 patients following a single or double lung transplantation who had a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) in excess of 4.7 kPa (35 mmHg) or an arterial oxygen tension/fractional inspired oxygen ratio (PaO2/FIO2) of less than 13.3 kPa (100 mmHg). Interventions: Gaseous NO was inhaled in increasing concentrations (1, 4 and 8 parts per million, each for 15 min) via a Siemens Servo 300 ventilator. Measurements and results: Cardiorespiratory parameters were assessed at baseline, after each concentration of NO, and 15 min after withdrawal of the agent [statistics: median (25th/75th percentiles: Q1/Q3), rANOVA, Dunnett's test, p 〈 0.05]. Inhaled NO resulted in a significant, reversible, dose-dependent, selective reduction in PAP from 5.5(5.2/6.0) kPa at control to 5.1(4.7/5.6) kPa at 1 ppm, 4.9(4.3/5.3) kPa at 4 ppm, and to 4.7(4.1/5.1) kPa at 8 ppm. PaO2 increased from 12.7(10.4/17.1) to 19.2(12.4/26.0) kPa at 1 ppm NO, to 23.9(4.67/26.7) kPa at 4 ppm NO and to 24.5(11.9/28.7) kPa at 8 ppm NO. All patients responded to NO inhalation (either with PAP or PaO2), all were subject to long-term inhalation (1–19 days). All were successfully weaned from NO and were discharged from the intensive care unit. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that low-dose inhaled NO may be an effective drug for symptomatic treatment of hypoxemia and/or pulmonary hypertension due to allograft dysfunction subsequent to lung transplantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Aerosols ; Epoprostenol ; Toxicity lung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To study potential toxic effects of long-term (8 h) inhaled prostacyclin (PGI2) on respiratory tract tissues. Design: In a prospective, randomized order, either PGI2 (n=7) or normal saline (n=7) was aerosolized during a time period of 8 h in healthy lambs. Setting: Institute for Surgical Research of the Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich. Animals: 14 healthy, anesthetized, ventilated lambs. Interventions: All animals were endotracheally intubated followed by tracheotomy. PGI2 solution or normal saline was administered with a jet nebulizer (delivery rate 4–10 ml/h; mass median diameter of aerosol particles 3.1 μm). Measurements and results: Histomorphological changes after 8-h inhalation of PGI2 solution were compared to those after 8-h inhalation of normal saline. Tracheal and bronchoalveolar tissues were examined by light and electron microscopy in order to assess tissue damage induced by inhaled PGI2. Pathological changes were ranked by a blinded observer following a graduation system ranging from ”absence of pathological changes“ to ”maximal pathological changes“. Abnormalities were restricted to the trachea (focal flattening of the epithelium, loss of cilia, slight inflammatory cell infiltration) and alveolar tissue (focal alveolar septal thickening with slight inflammatory cell infiltration), but no statistically significant differences between the PGI2 and control groups were encountered. Conclusion: Our findings indicate the absence of PGI2 aerosol-related respiratory tissue damage after 8-h inhalation of PGI2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Aerosols ; Epoprostenol ; Toxicity lung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective To study potential toxic effects of long-term (8 h) inhaled prostacyclin (PGI2) on respiratory tract tissues. Design In a prospective, randomized order, either PGI2 (n=7) or normal saline (n=7) was aerosolized during a time period of 8 h in healthy lambs. Setting Institute for Surgical Research of the Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich. Animals 14 healthy, anesthetized, ventilated lambs. Interventions All animals were endotracheally intubated followed by tracheotomy. PGI2 solution or normal saline was administered with a jet nebulizer (delivery rate 4–10 ml/h; mass median diameter of aerosol particles 3.1 μm). Measurements and results Histomorphological changes after 8-h inhalation of PGI2 solution were compared to those after 8-h inhalation of normal saline. Tracheal and bronchoalveolar tissues were examined by light and electron microscopy in order to assess tissue damage induced by inhaled PGI2. Pathological changes were ranked by a blinded observer following a graduation system ranging from “absence of pathological changes” to “maximal pathological changes”. Abnormalities were restricted to the trachea (focal flattening of the epithelium, loss of cilia, slight inflammatory cell infiltration) and alveolar tissue (focal alveolar septal thickening with slight inflammatory cell infiltration), but no statistically significant differences between the PGI2 and control groups were encountered. Conclusion Our findings indicate the absence of PGI2 aerosol-related respiratory tissue damage after 8-h inhalation of PGI2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Aerosols ; Epoprostenol ; Toxicity ; Lung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective To study the potential side effects and toxicity of inhaling prostacyclin (PGI2) aerosol for 8 h. Design In a prospective, randomized study 14 healthy lambs received either PGI2 (n=7) or 0.9% NaCl (n=7) as an aerosol for 8 h. Setting Institute for Surgical Research of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich. Interventions All animals were studied under general anesthesia in a prone position. They were first intubated endotracheally and later tracheotomized. PGI2 solution (median dose 28 ng/kg per min) or 0.9% NaCl was administered with a jet nebulizer (delivery rate 4–10 ml/h; mass median diameter of aerosol particles 3.1 μm). Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed before and after the inhalation period to collect epithelial lining fluid of alveoli. Measurements and results Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters, systemic resorption (plasma levels of 6-keto-prostaglandin-F1α), in vitro bleeding time, collagen-induced platelet aggregation and global biochemical and cellular composition of the epithelial lining fluid were examined in order to assess the sie effects and signs of acute pulmonary toxicity induced by inhaled PGI2. No statistically significant differences were found between the PGI2 and the control groups for any of the parameters examined. Conclusion Inhalation of PGI2 (28 ng/kg per min) over a period of 8 h in healthy lambs does not produce major side effects or acute pulmonary toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 36 (1999), S. 250-259 
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Keywords: Key words Lung ; Perfusion ; Gravity ; Fractals ; Heterogeneity ; Schlüsselwörter Lunge ; Durchblutung ; Gravitation ; Fraktale ; Heterogenität
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Durchblutung der Lunge ist nicht gleichmäßig über das Organ verteilt. Bislang wurde dieser Befund durch das West-Konzept erklärt. Dieses geht davon aus, daß die regionale Perfusion bestimmt wird durch die Differenz der vaskulären und alveolären Drucke. Übersteigt der alveoläre Druck den arteriellen Druck, so sistiert der regionale Blutfluß. West et al. postulierten daher 3 Zonen, in denen der pulmonale Blutfluß in Abhängigkeit von den Druckverhältnissen unterschiedliche Charakteristiken aufweist. In dieser Übersicht werden aktuelle Studien vorgestellt, welche die alleinige Gültigkeit des West-Modells für die pulmonale Perfusionsheterogenität in vivo in Frage stellen. Die Annahme, daß die Heterogenität der Lungendurchblutung hauptsächlich das Ergebnis von Druckgradienten sei, ist nicht ausreichend, um die Realität zu beschreiben. Der pulmonale Gefäßbaum ist strukturell aus einer Grundeinheit – der Gefäßbifurkation – aufgebaut, die sich in verschiedenen Größen immer wieder findet. Abgesehen von ihrer Größe ist jede Gefäßaufzweigung allen anderen Bifurkationen ähnlich. Diese Selbstähnlichkeit ist ein Designprinzip der Natur. Selbstähnliche Objekte werden zweckmäßig mit den Mitteln der fraktalen Geometrie betrachtet. Die beobachtete Verteilung der pulmonalen Durchblutung kann daher mit fraktalen Parametern besser beschrieben werden, als durch den Einfluß der Schwerkraft. Die fraktale Analyse läßt im Gegensatz zum West-Modell zu, alle beobachteten Phänomene der Heterogenität der Durchblutung zu erklären. Sie ist auf den tatsächlichen anatomischen Gegebenheiten aufgebaut und stellt daher die Methode der Wahl zur Untersuchung der Perfusionsverteilung dar. Konventionelle Heterogenitätsparameter sind störanfällig gegenüber Unterschieden der Meßmethodik. Bei zunehmender räumlicher Auflösung wächst die Heterogenität der pulmonalen Perfusion an und verhindert daher standardisierte Vergleiche zwischen verschiedenen Studien. Fraktale Parameter unterliegen dieser Auflösungsabhängigkeit nicht und ermöglichen daher den Vergleich von Ergebnissen, die mit unterschiedlichen Untersuchungstechniken an verschiedenen Spezies gemessen worden sind. Neben fraktalen Analysen der Perfusionsheterogenität wurden diese Methoden auch zur Beurteilung der Variabilität der Schlagfolge des Herzens und der elektrischen Aktivität des Gehirns verwendet. Mittels der Ergebnisse solcher Untersuchungen kann das Auftreten maligner Herzrhythmusstörungen um Stunden und der Beginn von Krampfanfällen um etwa 15 Minuten vorhergesagt werden.
    Notes: Summary Regional perfusion of the lung is not distributed homogeneously within the organ. This phenomenon has been explained by the classical concept of West et al. based on the isolated canine lung. The concept stresses the importance of different gravitational forces along the vertical axis of the lung resulting in three zones in which no pulmonary perfusion (zone 1), waterfall-like perfusion (zone 2), and continuous blood flow (zone 3) prevail. In this article, we review recent publications in which observations have been made which cannot be explained by the West model. A new concept of distribution of regional pulmonary perfusion is presented which centers on vascular factors which are better suited to account for observed blood flow heterogeneities. The pulmonary vasculature is composed of repetitions of one structural unit: the vessel bifurcation. Apart from its size, each single bifurcation is similar to all others. The pulmonary vessel tree can, therefore, be considered to be self-similar. Self-similarity has been identified as a design principle of living nature. Self-similar objects can produce heterogeneity which is also self-similar when viewed at different scales of magnification. For measurement of the structure of such objects and their function, i.e., in this case the heterogeneity of pulmonary perfusion, fractal geometry is best suited. Distribution of blood flow within the lung can be described by means of fractal analysis, and all phenomena of perfusion distribution can easily be explained when applying this concept. Furthermore, since the basis of fractal analysis is pulmonary vascular anatomy, it lends itself for the study of blood flow distribution. A major advantage is the independence of fractal parameters from resolution of perfusion measurements. Thus, fractal analysis can be used to compare results that have been obtained using different resolutions and different species. Fractal methods have previously been used in medicine for other purposes. Nonlinear analyses of heart beat variability can predict the onset of malign cardiac dysrhythmias hours before actual appearance in the ECG. Very similar methods applied to electrical brain activity have been shown to allow prediction of epileptical seizures approximately 15 min prior to appearance of clinical symptoms.
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