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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 47 (1980), S. 129-141 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Postural work ; Static work ; Unfavourable body posture ; Longtime heart rate recording ; Loading work ; Haltungsarbeit ; Haltearbeit ; ungünstige Körperposition ; ganzschichtige Herzfrequenzregistrierung ; Ladearbeiten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf einem Großflughafen wurde das Be- und Entladen verschiedenster Flugzeugtypen untersucht, wobei these Ladearbeiten durch das Heben, Bewegen und Tragen schwerer Lasten in ungünstigen Körperhaltungen und unter beengten Raumverhältnissen gekennzeichnet waren. Dazu wurden für 43 männliche Lade- und Vorarbeiter 46 ganzschichtige Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Art der Tätigkeit wurde über das “Arbeitswissenschaftliche Erhebungsverfahren zur Tätigkeitsanalyse” (AET) erfaßt. Zur Belastungsanalyse wurden ganzschichtige Positions studien durch kontinuierliche Beobachtung durchgeführt und für typische Tätigkeiten der Energieumsatz bestimmt. Die Beanspruchung durch die Ladearbeiten wurde mit Hilfe ganzschichtiger Herzfrequenzregistrierungen über einen tragbaren Cardiocorder erfaßt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß das Beladen von Flugzeugen sich aus dynamischer Arbeit sowie Halte- und Haltungsarbeit zusammensetzt, wobei in Abhängigkeit von der Körperhaltung und der Art der Tätigkeit deutliche Unterschiede in der Herzfrequenz auftraten. Die Körperhaltung wird dabei im wesentlichen von den Frachtraumhöhen (61 cm-197 cm) der verschiedenen Flugzeugtypen bestimmt. Der zusätzliche Einfluß des Lastentransportes kommt nur bei den Körperhaltungen mit geringem energetischen Aufwand zum Tragen. Daraus abgeleitete Vorschläge für geänderte Frachtraumhöhen bzw. entsprechende Auswahl der einzusetzenden Mitarbeiter wurden gemacht.
    Notes: Summary Loading and unloading of aircrafts involves lifting, moving, and carrying of heavy cargo in unfavourable body positions and in narrow spaces. This transport work was subjected to an investigation in a big airport. Forty-three male transport workers and foremen were studied during 46 total shifts. The type of activity was recorded by using the standardized procedure, the so-called “Arbeitswissenschaftliches Erhebungsverfahren zur Tädtigkeitsanalyse” (AET). For time and motion analysis, body positions were recorded by continuous observation during the total shift. For typical activities the energy expenditure was determined. The strain caused by transport work was estimated by recording the heart rate with a portable cardiocorder during the total shift. The results show that both dynamic and static work are involved in the loading and unloading of aircrafts. The heart rate varied characteristically according to the body position and to type of activity. The body position was mainly determined by the height of the bellies (from 0.61–1.97 m) of different aircrafts. An additional influence due to weight carrying could be observed only in body positions with low energy expenditure. Recommendations for changing the height of the bellies or to the appropriate selection of workers were made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 54 (1984), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Temperature rhythm ; Watchkeeping systems ; Ships ; Cosinor analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oral temperature data were collected from 12 members of the crew of an oil tanker at sea. Most of the personnel examined were engaged on watchkeeping duties on a ‘4 on, 8 off’ fixed-hours system; the remainder included 3 “day-workers”. The study commenced after the subjects had been following their particular work schedules continuously for several weeks, thus providing good opportunity for adaptation to them. Observations were made at 4-hourly intervals during waking hours, over a period ranging from 8 to 13 days in individual cases. The form of the mean curves produced by averaging the readings over all days indicated that a reasonable degree of adjustment of the temperature rhythm to the different sleep/wake routines imposed by the work system had occurred. Estimates of rhythm phase and amplitude obtained by “single cosinor” time series analyses of the sequential data supported this impression. However, further investigations are needed to substantiate these findings, and also to determine how long it takes for the rhythm adjustment process to reach completion in inexperienced workers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 49 (1981), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Daily physical activity ; Heavy physical work ; Sport activity ; Physical performance capacity ; Tägliche körperliche Aktivität ; Berufliche Aktivität ; Sportliche Aktivität ; Kardiopulmonale Leistungsfähigkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 120 Männern im Alter von 23–60 Jahren aus verschiedenen Berufsgruppen wurde die Beziehung zwischen täglicher körperlicher Aktivität und kardiopulmonaler Leistungsfähigkeit untersucht. Die Methoden zur Bestimmung der körperlichen Aktivität im Beruf bzw. in der Freizeit sind in der I. Mitteilung erläutert (Ilmarinen et al. 1980). Die kardiopulmonale Leistungsfahigkeit wurde mit Hilfe der W170, W85% und der indirekt bestimmten $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ max am Fahrradergometer mit kontinuierlich steigender Leistung ermittelt. Die W85%-Modifikation entspricht der Leistung bei einer Herzfrequenz von 85% der maximalen Herzfrequenz. Die Gruppe, die beruflich k6rperliche Schwerarbeit leistete and sportlich aktiv war, zeigte sowohl in den absoluten als auch in den auf das K6rpergewicht bezogenen Mcßwerten der kardiopulmonaler Leistungsfahigkeit regelmäßig die Höchstwerte. Die Prüfung der Haupteffekte durch körperliche Arbeit allein zeigte jedoch, daß sie in keiner Variablen signifikant war. Im Gegensatz zur beruflichen körperlichen Arbeit zeigte die sportliche Aktivitat allein signifikante Haupteffekte auf die W85% and auf die $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ max bezogen auf die fettfreie Körpermasse. Die Ergebnisse lassen den Schluß zu, daß die sportliche Aktivität in der Freizeit für die Erhaltung oder Steigerung der kardiopulmonaler Leistungsfähigkeit wesentlich wichtiger ist als die berufliche körperliche Schwerarbeit. Ausdauertypische Sportarten in der Freizeit werden sowohl für die Schwerarbeiter als für den Personenkreis, der eine körperlich leichte Arbeit zu leisten hat, empfohlen.
    Notes: Summary One hundred and twenty men, aged 23–60 years and having various professions participated in studies on relationships between daily physical activity and physical performance capacity (PPC). The determination of daily physical activity at work and of the habitual leisure time activities has been described earlier (Ilmarinen et al. 1980). The determination of physical performance capacity was based on W170, W85% and on predicted $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ max measured with continuously increasing work load on a bicycle ergometer. The W85% modification corresponds to the working capacity at a heart rate level of 85% of maximal heart rate. Workers wiih a combination of heavy physical work and active leisure time showed systematically the highest absolute and relative values of PPC. However, although the results indicated that the effect of work activity on PPC was not significant, the effects of leisure time activities on W85% and on $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ max related to lean body mass were significant. It is concluded that the leisure time sport activities are more important than the physical activity at work in maintaining or increasing the PPC. Aerobic sport activities in leisure time are recommended both for persons with physically heavy and light work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 44 (1979), S. 149-163 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Mental and emotional load ; Physiological indicators ; Biochemical indicators ; Excretion of catecholamines ; Mentale und emotionale Beanspruchung ; Physiologische Indikatoren ; Biochemische Indikatoren ; Katecholaminausscheidung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Fortführung früherer Feldstudien wurden unter Laborbedingungen die Effekte mentaler und emotionaler Belastungen mit Hilfe physiologischer und biochemischer Indikatoren studiert. Die Belastungen wurden über eine Versuchsanordnung erzeugt, mit welcher eine Konzentrationsleistung exakt reproduzierbar vorgegeben werden konnte. Es handelte sich um einen apparativ gesteuerten Rechenversuch (a · b + c − d), dessen Aufgabenvorschub zwischen 1 und 30 Aufgaben/min variiert werden konnte. Die Darbietung der Rechenaufgaben konnte konstant oder kontinuierlich steigend erfolgen. Ziel des Versuchs war es, die Wirkung emotionaler und mentaler Belastungen vergleichend zu untersuchen, um das benutzte Indikatoreninventar für Feldversuche zu eichen. Als emotionale Belastung wurde auf Grund von Vorversuchen das Rechnen mit kontinuierlich steigendem Aufgabenvorschub bei Ungeübten gewählt, als mentale Leistung das Rechnen mit konstantem Aufgabenvorschub auf verschiedenen Stufen, interindividuell relativ gleich zur maximalen Rechenkapazität. Als Beanspruchungsindikatoren standen die Herzfrequenz, die Variabilität der Momentanherzfrequenz sowie die Ausscheidung der Katecholamine Adrenalin and Noradrenalin mit dem Harn zur Verfügung. An den Versuchen nahmen 27 männliche Studenten (Alter 18 bis 26 Jahre) teil. Der Versuch mit einer täglichen Rechenzeit von 55 min bestand aus 10 Einzelversuchen innerhalb von 2 Wochen. Zu Vergleichszwecken wurden fur die gewählten Beanspruchungsindikatoren nach Versuchsende alternativ Ruhewerte oder Belastungswerte entsprechend 30% der individuellen maxi malen O2-Aufnahme gewonnen. In den Versuchen zeigte sich, daß die Herzfrequenz sich vornehmlich fur die Erfassung kurzfristiger mentaler bzw. kombinierter mentaler und emotionaler Beanspruchungen eignet, wdhrend die Adrenalinausscheidung vornehmlich auf longer dauernde emotionale Beanspruchungen reagiert. Die Noradrenalinausscheidung reflektiert schließlich besonders deutlich körperliche Beanspruchungen und weist bei emotionalen bzw. kombiniert emotionalmentalen Beanspruchungen auf unwillkürliche Muskelanspannungen und unbeabsichtigte motorische Aktivitdten hin. Die Variationen der Momentanherzfrequenz sind schließlich typenspezifisch. Ihre Richtung kann individuell nur auf Grund von Vorversuchen gedeutet werden, da vor allem unter großen mentalen Belastungen sonst die Richtung der Veränderungen nicht vorhergesagt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary To carry on earlier field experiments, the effects of mental or emotional loads were evaluated under laboratory conditions by means of physiological and biochemical indicators. Stress was produced by a method which allowed an exactly reproducible concentration performance to be obtained. The calculation task (a · b + c − d) was directed by means of an apparatus and the calculation speed could be varied from 1 to 30 calculations per minute. The calculations were presented either with constant or with continuously increasing frequency. The experiment was carried out to analyse and compare the effects of emotional and mental stress so that the used inventory of indicators could be validated for field experiments. On the basis of preliminary tests, the calculation with continuously increasing calculation speed with untrained subjects were chosen as emotional stress. Mental performance was given by calculations with constant calculation speed but on different levels; the tasks were relatively equal regarding the subjects individual maximum calculation capacity. As strain indicators, heart frequency and variability of the momentary heart frequency as well as the excretion of the catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline, were used. Twenty-seven male students (aged from 18 to 26 years) took part in the experiments which consisted of 10 single sessions within 2 weeks with a daily calculation time of 55 min. For comparison after each session, either rest values or values according to 30% of the individual maximum Oz-uptake were taken. From the experiments, we could learn that heart frequency above all is suited for indicating short-term mental or combined mental and emotional strain, in contrast to the excretion of adrenaline which especially responds to longer lasting emotional strains. Finally, the excretion of noradrenaline reflects very clearly physical strain and points out involuntary muscle tensions and unintentional motor activities under emotional and combined emotionalmental strains, respectively. The variations of the momentary heart frequency are specific for each subject. Their direction can only be evaluated individually on the basis of preliminary tests, since the direction of the variations cannot be predicted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 54 (1984), S. 325-334 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Urinary noradrenaline and adrenaline ; Coffee consumption ; Creatinine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In field studies, the excretion rate of urinary catecholamines is very often used as an indicator of strain. Interfering effects which are due to caffeine, for example, can only be quantified if the influence of coffee consumption on the excretion of catecholamines is known quantitatively. This was the aim of our study with five subjects, on five consecutive working days, and with a strict standardization of nutrition. The urine samples were specified with respect to the following parameters: sampling period, volume, urine status, density, creatinine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. Adrenaline showed a significant correlation with coffee consumption, whereas noradrenaline did not. Moreover, it could be demonstrated that relating the concentration of catecholamines to the creatinine excretion is insufficient for work physiology studies, especially if the urine sampling periods are as short as 2h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 30 (1972), S. 65-80 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen einer Feldstudie wurde die Katecholaminausscheidung bei 69 Fluglotsen unter Arbeits- und unter Ruhebedingungen bestimmt, wobei 258 Arbeits- und 405 Ruhewerte den Ergebnissen zugrunde liegen. Entsprechend den Bedingungen einer Feldstudie war das Ausgangsmaterial wesentlich grö\er und umfa\te 1296 Katecholaminbestimmungen. Das übrige Material konnte in dieser Studie nicht direkt verwertet werden, da die Arbeitswerte auf Grund früherer Erfahrungen auf mehrere Ruhewerte bezogen werden müssen, was eine Mitarbeit erfordert, zu der nicht alle der zunÄchst 122 Probanden umfassenden Stichprobe bereit waren. Verwertet wurden dann nur solche Arbeitswerte, zu denen wenigstens 3 Ruhewerte vorlagen. Diese Ruhewerte wurden zeitlich parallel zur Arbeitszeit und bei gleicher Kaffeeaufnahme wie an den Arbeitstagen gewonnen, da eine AbhÄngigkeit der Katecholaminausscheidung von der Kaffeeaufnahme besteht, die auch durch unsere Untersuchung bestÄtigt wird. Unter diesen methodischen Voraussetzungen konnten wir zeigen, da\ die Katecholaminausscheidung in den Positionen „Radar Control“ und „Radar Hand-Off Control“ signifikant gegenüber den Ruhewerten erhöht war und da\ auch die Differenz zwischen diesen beiden Positionen „wahrscheinlich signifikant“ (p〈 5%) unterschiedlich war. Differenzen durch unterschiedliche emotionale Belastung bei verschiedenen TÄtigkeiten lie\en sich durch tageszeitliche und sequentielle Analyse verhindern. Die Höhe der Katecholaminausscheidung bei den Radarlotsen wird mit der Ausscheidung bei anderen TÄtigkeiten und Belastungssituationen verglichen.
    Notes: Summary In a field study, we examined the excretion of catecholamines in the urine of 69 air traffic controllers. We collected 258 urine samples under working conditions and 405 urine samples under resting conditions. For each sample under working conditions we needed at least 3 samples under resting conditions, which were taken at the same time of day and under the same conditions (e.g. breakfast at same time) as on work days. We were able to show that mean values for catecholamine excretion in the positions “radar control” and “radar hand-off control” were significantly higher than the values at rest. We also found that the difference between these two positions was “probably significantℍ (p 〈 5%). Differences in catecholamine excretion caused by a different emotional stress in different occupations could be eliminated by means of an analysis which took into account the time of day and the sequence of different working situations. The level of the catecholamine excretion of the air traffic controllers at work was compared with the catecholamine levels of other working and stress situations in earlier investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Exercise ; Fitness ; Body composition ; Growth ; Longitudinal study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report gives results of a longitudinal study of two cohorts of school children in Norway and West-Germany. The rate of growth in body size and composition is identical for the two samples, but different for the two sexes, and follows closely the trend of growth which has been found for North-Europeans in general. Despite of this similarity in growth of anatomical variables the Norwegian children appeared to be superior in their maximum aerobic power at all comparable ages and in both sexes. The differences between means in maximal oxygen uptake varies somewhat with age and sex and are in the range of 5–10%. It is suggested that the mean differences between Norwegian and German children in their exercise and cardio-vascular fitness are brought about by a more physically active behavioural pattern of living in Norway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Exercise ; Pulmonary ventilation ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The paper provides reference values with regard to pulmonary ventilation responses to progressively increasing bicycling up to the maximal level during the period of growth spurt. Data are based on longitudinal studies of rural Norwegian and German school children. A cluster sampling technique was used, starting with the total pupil-population at Lom in Norway at an age of 8 years, and annual tests were performed until the age of 15 years. In Germany a similar pupil-population was tested from age 12 until age 17 years. Functional growth curves giving means and dispersions for ventilation rates, tidal volume, respiratory frequency, ventilatory equivalent and respiratory gas exchange ratio are constructed. Norwegian and German children's developmental process with regard to the exercise ventilation variables were compared, and revealed no significant differences.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Maximal aerobic power ; Biological age ; Maturation ; Longitudinal study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the development of maximal aerobic power as a function of maturation by a longitudinal study with annual examinations of representative samples of 56 boys and 56 girls in Norway and Western Germany. The age at which occurred peak height velocity (PHV) (i.e. the age at which the greatest height velocity was observed) was used as a reference of biological age and maturation. Before the PHV the mean maximal aerobic power was the same in two cohorts of children both in absolute values as well as in values relative to total and lean body mass. At and after PHV the boys were similar in their absolute values, but the German girls decreased their exercise fitness and became inferior to the Norwegian girls during later adolescence. When related to age of PHV the maximal aerobic power increased during the prepubertal years, mainly as an effect of growth in body size with little or no additional effect of other factors and approached a ceiling level at the end of adolescence. The boys exhibited clearly superior exercise fitness during all years of childhood and adolescence, this being in contrast to the widely accepted concept that no sex difference exists in exercise fitness before puberty. The maximum level for $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ -max, reached at the end of adolescence, averaged 3.2 l/min with a coefficient of variation of about 12% for the boys, and 2.5 l/min for the Norwegian girls and a similar coefficient of variation. As these ceiling values of maximal oxygen uptake agree with published averages for normal young adults representative for the normal population in these two countries, it is suggested that they represent optimal values brought about mainly by normal growth in body size with no or little additional effects of other factors.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Cardio-vascular health indicators ; Maximal aerobic power ; Arterial blood pressure ; Blood lipids ; Habitual physical activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with favourable levels of constitutional cardio-vascular health indicators during childhood and adolescence. A cross-sectional randomised sample of healthy Czechoslovakian children was investigated, because this population is habituated to a favourable life style. Twenty girls and 20 boys at ages 8, 12 and 16 years were recruited to the study. Statistical data for means and standard deviations are presented with regard to maximal aerobic power, haemodynamic variables such as arterial blood pressure, heart rate at submaximal and maximal muscular exercise, body fat content, blood lipids including total cholesterol and its fractions, high- and low-density lipo-proteins, fasting triglycerides and the apo-lipo-protein profile. The maximal oxygen uptake in absolute values increased with age in both sexes and the boys appeared to average higher than the girls at each age. When maximal aerobic power was expressed on a total body weight basis, boys appeared to average higher at age 16 years (56 ml·min-1·kg-1) than girls (45.8 ml·min-1·kg-1). The highest recorded heart rate for ergometric work averaged close to 200 min-1 in both sexes with no significant age differences. The diastolic blood pressure at rest did not change significantly with age or sex. Serum cholesterol levels were found to decrease significantly after puberty in boys (post-pubertal dip), but in the girls there was found no systematic change in mean values with age. When HDL was expressed as a percentage of total cholesterol there appeared to be no differences related to age and sex. Neither the apo-lipo-proteins, nor the fasting serum triglycerides changed significantly with age and sex. The inter-relationship between the different health indicators as well the influences of life style on risk factors are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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