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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of metamorphic geology 20 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: SHRIMP U–Pb ages have been obtained for zircon in granitic gneisses from the aureole of the Rogaland anorthosite–norite intrusive complex, both from the ultrahigh temperature (UHT; 〉900 °C pigeonite-in) zone and from outside the hypersthene-in isograd. Magmatic and metamorphic segments of composite zircon were characterised on the basis of electron backscattered electron and cathodoluminescence images plus trace element analysis. A sample from outside the UHT zone has magmatic cores with an age of 1034 ± 7 Ma (2σ, n = 8) and 1052 ± 5 Ma (1σ, n = 1) overgrown by M1 metamorphic rims giving ages between 1020 ± 7 and 1007 ± 5 Ma. In contrast, samples from the UHT zone exhibit four major age groups: (1) magmatic cores yielding ages over 1500 Ma (2) magmatic cores giving ages of 1034 ± 13 Ma (2σ, n = 4) and 1056 ± 10 Ma (1σ, n = 1) (3) metamorphic overgrowths ranging in age between 1017 ± 6 Ma and 992 ± 7 Ma (1σ) corresponding to the regional M1 Sveconorwegian granulite facies metamorphism, and (4) overgrowths corresponding to M2 UHT contact metamorphism giving values of 922 ± 14 Ma (2σ, n = 6). Recrystallized areas in zircon from both areas define a further age group at 974 ± 13 Ma (2σ, n = 4). This study presents the first evidence from Rogaland for new growth of zircon resulting from UHT contact metamorphism. More importantly, it shows the survival of magmatic and regional metamorphic zircon relics in rocks that experienced a thermal overprint of c. 950 °C for at least 1 Myr. Magmatic and different metamorphic zones in the same zircon are sharply bounded and preserve original crystallization age information, a result inconsistent with some experimental data on Pb diffusion in zircon which predict measurable Pb diffusion under such conditions. The implication is that resetting of zircon ages by diffusion during M2 was negligible in these dry granulite facies rocks. Imaging and Th/U–Y systematics indicate that the main processes affecting zircon were dissolution-reprecipitation in a closed system and solid-state recrystallization during and soon after M1.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of metamorphic geology 23 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: A structural, metamorphic and geochronological study of the Staré Město belt implies the existence of two distinct metamorphic events of similar peak P–T conditions (700–800 °C, 8–10 kbar) during the Cambro-Ordovician and the Carboniferous tectonometamorphic events. The hypothesis of two distinct periods of metamorphism was suggested on the basis of structural discordance between an undoubtedly Carboniferous granodiorite sill intrusion and earlier Cambro-Ordovician fabrics of a banded amphibolite complex. The analysis of crystal size distribution (CSD) shows high nucleation density (N0) and low average growth rate (Gt) for Carboniferous mylonitic metagabbros and mylonitic granodiorites. The parameter N0 decreases whereas the quantity Gt increases towards higher temperatures progressively approaching the values obtained from the Cambro-Ordovician banded amphibolite complex. The spatial distribution of amphibole and plagioclase shows intense mechanical mixing for lower-temperature mylonitic metagabbros. In high-temperature mylonites a strong aggregate distribution is developed. Cambro-Ordovician amphibolites unaffected by Carboniferous deformation show a regular to anticlustered spatial distribution resulting from heterogeneous nucleation of individual phases. This pattern, together with CSD, was subsequently modified by the grain growth and textural equilibration controlled by diffusive mass transfer during Carboniferous metamorphism. The differences between the observed textures of the amphibolites are interpreted to be a consequence of the different durations of the Carboniferous and Cambro-Ordovician thermal events.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: New data on the metamorphic petrology and zircon geochronology of high-grade rocks in the central Mozambique Belt (MB) of Tanzania show that this part of the orogen consists of Archean and Palaeoproterozoic material that was structurally reworked during the Pan-African event. The metamorphic rocks are characterized by a clockwise P–T path, followed by strong decompression, and the time of peak granulite facies metamorphism is similar to other granulite terranes in Tanzania. The predominant rock types are mafic to intermediate granulites, migmatites, granitoid orthogneisses and kyanite/sillimanite-bearing metapelites. The meta-granitoid rocks are of calc-alkaline composition, range in age from late Archean to Neoproterozoic, and their protoliths were probably derived from magmatic arcs during collisional processes. Mafic to intermediate granulites consist of the mineral assemblage garnet–clinopyroxene–plagioclase–quartz–biotite–amphibole ± K-feldspar ± orthopyroxene ± oxides. Metapelites are composed of garnet-biotite-plagioclase ± K-feldspar ± kyanite/sillimanite ± oxides. Estimated values for peak granulite facies metamorphism are 12–13 kbar and 750–800 °C. Pressures of 5–8 kbar and temperatures of 550–700 °C characterize subsequent retrogression to amphibolite facies conditions. Evidence for a clockwise P–T path is provided by late growth of sillimanite after kyanite in metapelites. Zircon ages indicate that most of the central part of the MB in Tanzania consists of reworked ancient crust as shown by Archean (c. 2970–2500 Ma) and Palaeoproterozoic (c. 2124–1837 Ma) protolith ages. Metamorphic zircon from metapelites and granitoid orthogneisses yielded ages of c. 640 Ma which are considered to date peak regional granulite facies metamorphism during the Pan-African orogenic event. However, the available zircon ages for the entire MB in East Africa and Madagascar also document that peak metamorphic conditions were reached at different times in different places. Large parts of the MB in central Tanzania consist of Archean and Palaeoproterozoic material that was reworked during the Pan-African event and that may have been part of the Tanzania Craton and Usagaran domain farther to the west.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of metamorphic geology 22 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The exhumation of eclogite facies granulites (Omp–Plg–Grt–Qtz–Rt) in the Rychleby Mts, eastern Czech Republic, was a localised process initiated by buckling of crustal layers in a thickened orogenic root. Folding and post-buckle flattening was followed by the main stage of exhumation that is characterized by vertical ductile extrusion. This process is documented by structural data, and the vertical ascent of rocks from a depth of c. 70 to c. 35 km is documented by metamorphic petrology. SHRIMP 206Pb/238U and 207Pb/206Pb evaporation zircon ages of 342 ± 5 and 341.4 ± 0.7 Ma date peak metamorphic conditions. The next stage of exhumation was associated with sideways flat thrusting associated with lateral viscous spreading of granulites and surrounding rocks over indenting adjacent continental crust at a depth of c. 35–30 km. This stage was associated with syntectonic intrusion of a granodiorite sill at 345–339 Ma, emplaced at a crustal depth of c. 25 km. The time required for cooling of the sill as well as for heating of the country rocks brackets this event to a maximum of 250 000 years. Therefore, similar ages of crystallization for the granodiorite magma and the peak of eclogite facies metamorphism of the granulite suggest a very short period of exhumation, limited by the analytical errors of the dating methods. Our calculations suggest that the initial exhumation rate during vertical extrusion was 3–15 mm yr−1, followed by an exhumation rate of 24–40 mm yr−1 during further uplift along a magma-lubricated shear zone. The extrusion stage of exhumation was associated with a high cooling rate, which decreased during the stage of lateral spreading.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We report single grain U-Pb ion-microprobe as well as conventional bulk size fraction ages for zircons from 3 metasediment samples of the Moldanubian Complex, Bohemian Massif, one of the largest crystalline complexes of the Hercynian foldbelt in Europe. These are complemented by whole-rock Sm-Nd model ages. The metasediments are of upper amphibolite to granulite grade and come from the Bory Massif in Moravia, NW of Brno (sample AA-1) and from the Varied Group (AA-2) and Monotonous Group (AA-3) in the Ceske Budejovice region of SW Bohemia. Ion-microprobe data for detrital zircons yielded 207Pb/ 206Pb ages between ca. 1750 Ma and 2680 Ma and reflect chronologically heterogeneous source terrains. One grain in sample AA-1 of the Bory granulite massif may be as old as 2684±14 Ma, and this constitutes the oldest reported zircon age for the Hercynian belt of central Europe. The single grain data are much less discordant than previously published conventional U-Pb analyses from bulk zircon samples and suggest a significant early Proterozoic crust-formation event between 2 and 2.2 Ga ago. The size fraction data are compatible with the single grain ages and give a fairly precise definition of the Hercynian event between 347 and 367 Ma ago while their upper Concordia intercept ages between ≈1700 and ≈2050 Ma represent the mean of the respective grain populations and are probably geohronologically meaningless. The Nd whole-rock model ages between 1.7 and 3.0 Ga confirm mid-Proterozoic to Archaean source terrains for the dated metasediments.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 67 (1978), S. 688-705 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract New Rb-Sr whole rock age data are reported from two metasedimentary sequences of the Damara Supergroup in the central Pan African Damara belt of Namibia (South West Africa). Calc-granofels rocks of the Karibib Formation (Swakop Group) near Usakos are dated at 665±34 Ma (λ87Rb=1.39×10−11 a−1) which is interpreted as reflecting a high-grade metamorphic event predating widespread granite intrusion. Pyroxene-bearing feldspathic gneisses of the Khan Formation (Nosib Group) from the Khan-Swakop River area east of Swakopmund show incomplete homogenization at 474±16 Ma. In view of similar ages obtained on the nearby Rössing alaskite granite and on biotites from a variety of rock assemblages this age is interpreted as reflecting a second Damaran metamorphic event rather than a specific stage in a long cooling history as previously thought. It is probable that the new ages characterize two distinct Pan-African tectono-metamorphic events previously named Katangan and Damaran episodes respectively (Clifford, 1967). The younger of these has affected large areas of south western Africa both within orogenic zones and on the neighbouring Kalahari Craton and may reflect crustal processes of sub-continental proportion during the closing stages of the Pan-African tectogenesis.
    Abstract: Résumé Deux séquences métasédimentaires du supergroupe du Damara ont été datées par la méthode Rb/Sr. Des gneiss calciques («granofels») de la formation de Karibib (groupe de Swakop), récoltés près d'Usakos ont été datés à 665±34 Ma (avecλ87Rb=1.39× 10−11 a−1). Cet âge est interprété comme le résultat d'un événement métamorphique de degré é levé antérieur à la mise en place des grandes masses de granite. Des gneiss feldspathiques à pryoxène de la Formation de Khan (Groupe de Nosib), échantillonnés dans la région de la Khan River — Swakop à l'Est de Swakopmund, montrent une homogénéisation isotopique incomplète à 474±16 Ma. Des âges voisins ayant été obtenus pour l'Alaskite de Rössing qui affleure dans la même zone et pour les biotites de différentes roches, cet âge est interprété comme le résultat d'un second métamorphisme damarien plutôt que comme un stade de la longue histoire de refroidissement comme cela avait été imaginé auparavant. Ces nouveaux âges caractériseraient les deux épisodes tectonométamorphiques distincts de l'orogénie Pan-Africaine, qui avaient été appelés respectivement épisode katangien et épisode demarien parClifford (1967). Le plus récent de ces événements a affecté une grande partie de l'Afrique du S.W. aussi bien dans les zones orogéniques que dans le craton voisin du Kalahari; il peut refléter une évolution crustale d'échelle subcontinentale se produisant pendant les derniers stades du tectogène Pan-Africain.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Neue Rb-Sr-Gesamtgesteins-Isochronenalter von zwei sedimentären Abfolgen der spätpräkambrischen Damara-Supergruppe in der Zentralzone des Pan-Afrikanischen Damara-Orogens von Namibia (Südwest-Afrika) deuten auf eine mehrphasige metamorphe Geschichte hin. Kalk-Granofels-Gesteine der Karibib-Formation (Swakop-Gruppe) südöstlich von Usakos ergaben ein Alter von 665±34 M. J. (λ87Rb=1,39×10−11 a−1) und wir interpretieren dieses Alter als das Resultat isotoper Homogenisierung während einer intensiven Regionalmetamorphose, die vor dem Eindringen weitverbreiteter Granite stattfand. Pyroxenführende und feldspathaltige Gneise der Khan-Formation (Nosib-Gruppe) aus dem Gebiet der Khan- und Swakop-Flüsse östlich von Swakopmund zeigen unvollständige Homogenisierung ihrer Sr-Isotope um 474±16 M. J. In Anbetracht ähnlicher Alter für den benachbarten Rössing-Alaskitgranit und für Biotite verschiedener Gesteinstypen aus dem gesamten Zentralbereich des Orogens interpretieren wir obiges Alter eher als den Höhepunkt einer zweiten Regionalmetamorphose als ein bestimmtes Stadium in der post-orogenen Abkühlungsgeschichte. Es ist wahrscheinlich, daß unsere Altersbestimmungen zwei deutlich voneinander getrennte pan-afrikanische tektono-metamorphe Phasen charakterisieren, vor allem wenn man sie in Zusammenhang mit publizierten Daten betrachtet, und wir nehmen an, daß diese den vonClifford (1967) postulierten Katanga- und Damara-Episoden entsprechen. Die jüngere dieser Episoden hat nicht nur die pan-afrikanischen orogenen Bereiche im südwestlichen Afrika, sondern auch weite Teile des Kalahari-Kratons erfaßt und mag auf tektogenetische Prozesse von nahezu kontinentalen Ausmaßen in und unter der Kruste im frühen Paläozoikum zurückzuführen sein.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 62 (1973), S. 281-309 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The structural history of the Precambrian shield areas points to an early crustal evolution which differed markedly from the development in later times, and which cannot be interpreted in terms of the classical model of Phanerozoic orogenic belts. Examples from southern Africa, where there exists an almost complete record of Precambrian geology, are presented to illustrate the development which took place in five major tectogenetic cycles. There is some evidence for the existence of a thin sialic crust some 4000 m. y. ago on which the Early Precambrian greenstone belts formed during the first tectonic event (〉3500−3000 m. y.) as a result of vertical movements caused by convection processes in the upper mantle. However, the early crust in southern Africa also has analogies with present-day abyssal oceanic regions and the greenstones may have developed as primitive island arcs on a primordial ultramafic lithosphere which underwent partial melting. The greenstone belt evolution was accompanied by enormous granite intrusions, thickening and stabilizing the crust sufficiently to permit the development of ancient nuclei on which the first cratonic-type sedimentary basins formed. The Middle Precambrian crustal development is characterized by the formation of mobile belts which surround the nuclei and whose geologic evolution contrasts strongly with the greenstone belts, as shown here for the Namaqualand Gneiss Complex. The mobile belts have been subjected to multiple deformation in three distinct tectonothermal events (〉2500−900 m.y.), resulting in high-grade metamorphism, granitization and complex fold patterns. Finally, they were added to the ancient nuclei to form the first continental shields. The Late Precambrian tectogenetic event begins with the development of extensive subduction zones along the marginal parts of some shields. These basins were filled with typical geosynclinal deposits which subsequently suffered alpine-type deformation during the Pan-African Orogeny (700−450 m.y.). A plate tectonics model is presented for the evolution of the Gariep geosyncline along the west coast of southern Africa.
    Abstract: Résumé L'histoire structurale des boucliers précambriens suggère que le mécanisme de la formation de la toute première croûte terrestre diffère fondamentalement de celui des temps plus récents, et qu'il ne peut Être interprété suivant le modèle classique qu'apportent les orogènes du PhanérozoÏque. L'Afrique méridionale où une succession presque sans lacune depuis le Précambrien le plus ancien jusqu'au PaléozoÏque fournit des conditions idéales pour l'étude de l'évolution de la croûte, en donne des exemples qui illustrent le développement au cours de cinq cycles tectoniques majeurs. Les données suggèrent l'existence, il y a 4000 M. A., d'une fine croûte sialique sur laquelle ont été formés les bandes de roches vertes du Précambrien ancien pendant la première épisode tectonique (〉3500−3000 M. A.), résultant de mouvements verticaux causés par les procès de convection de la pyrosphère exterieure. La croûte primitive au Sud de l'Africa a aussi, pourtant, des analogies avec les régions abyssales océaniques récentes et les roches verte auraient pu Être formés pendant l'évolution des arc d'Îles anciennes sur une lithosphère ultramafique primaire qui a été fondu en partie. La formation de la bande des roches vertes a été accompagnée par l'intrusion de masses énormes de granite qui ont épaissi et stabilisé la croûte de facon suffisante à permettre le développement des anciens noyaux sur lesquels les premiers bassins sédimentaires ont été formé. Le développement de la croûte pendant le Précambrien Moyen est typifié par la formation de zones mobiles qui entourent les noyaux et dont l'évolution géologique contraste fortement avec les zones de roches vertes, comme le démontre, le complexe gneissique du Namaqualand. Les zones mobiles ont été sujettes à de multiples déformations pendant trois épisodes thermo-tectoniques distincts (〉2500−900 M. A.) qui ont été la cause de métamorphisme de haute température, de la formation de granites et de plissements complexes. Ces zones mobiles ont éventuellement été annexées aux noyaux pour donner les premiers boucliers continentaux. L'épisode tectonique du Précambrien supérieur commence avec le développement de vastes zones de subsidence de la croûte le long de la partie extérieure de certains boucliers. Ces bassins ont été remplis par des sédiments géosynclinaux typiques qui ont été éventuellement sujets à des déformations de type Alpin pendant l'épisode orogénique Pan-Africain (700−450 M.A.). Le développement du géosynclinal du Gariep le long de la cÔte ouest du Sud Afrique est expliqué en fonction de la tectonique de plaques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die tektonische Entwicklung der prÄkambrischen Schilde deutet auf frühe Krustenbewegungen hin, die sich grundlegend von denen der spÄteren Erdgeschichte unterscheiden und die nicht im Sinne der Evolution phanerozoischer Orogene gedeutet werden können. Beispiele aus dem südlichen Afrika, wo eine nahezu lückenlose Gesteinsabfolge vom frühesten PrÄkambrium bis zum PalÄozoikum ideale Voraussetzungen zum Studium der Krustenevolution bietet, erlÄutern die in fünf tektogenetischen Episoden abgelaufene Entwicklung. Im frühprÄkambrischen Zyklus (〉3500−3000 M. J.) entstanden die auf eine granitische oder basische Urkruste abgelagerten Grünstein-Gürtel als Folge von Vertikalbewegungen, die durch Mantelkonvektion verursacht wurden. Enorme Magmenintrusionen begleiten die Verformung dieser Tröge, und das erste Entwicklungsstadium endet mit der Versteifung der Gürtelzonen und ihrer Umgebung zu Ur-Kernen. Die weitere Entwicklung wird durchmobile belts bestimmt, die sich von den Grünstein-Gürteln deutlich in ihrer tektonischen Geschichte unterscheiden und möglicherweise einen übergang zur spÄteren Geosynklinal-Deformation bilden. Diese Gürtel werden wÄhrend des mittelprÄkambrischen Zyklus (〉2500−900 M. J.) mehrfach verformt, was am Beispiel des Namaqualand-Granitgneis-Komplexes gezeigt wird und schlie\lich zusammen mit den Kernen zu ersten Kontinentalschilden konsolidiert. An den Randzonen dieser Schilde bildeten sich wÄhrend des SpÄtprÄkambriums zum ersten Male weitlÄufige Senkungströge von bekanntem geosynklinalem Charakter, die nach Auffüllung mit Sedimenten und Laven wÄhrend der Pan-Afrika Orogenese (700−450 M. J.) alpinotyp verformt werden. Diese Entwicklung wird am Beispiel der Gariep-Teilgeosynklinale im Oranjeflu\-Gebiet im Sinne der Plattentektonik beschrieben.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 83 (1994), S. 502-513 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Eastern Desert ; Egypt ; Granitoid gneisses ; Single zircon dating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Strongly deformed and locally migmatized gneisses occur at several places in the southern Eastern Desert of Egypt and in Sinai and have variously been interpreted as a basement to Pan-african (≈900 to 600 Ma) supracrustal and intrusive assemblages. A suite of grabbroic to granitic gneisses was investigated in the Hafafit area, which constitutes an I-type calc-alkaline intrusive assemblage whose chemistry suggests emplacement along an active continental margin and whose granitoid members can be correlated with the so-called ‘Older Granites’ of Egypt.207Pb/206Pb single zircon evaporation from three samples of the Hafafit gneisses yielded protolith emplacement ages between 677 ± 9 and 700 ± 12 Ma and document granitoid activity over a period of about 23 Ma. A migmatitic granitic gneiss from Wadi Bitan, south-west of Ras Banas, has a zircon age of 704 ± 8 Ma, and its protolith was apparently generated during the same intrusive event as the granitoids at Hafafit. Single zircons from a dioritic gneiss from Wadi Feiran in south-west Sinai suggest emplacement of the protolith at 796 ± 6 Ma and this is comparable with ages for granitoids in north-east Sinai and southern Israel. None of the above gneisses is derived from remelting of older continental crust, but they are interpreted as reflecting subduction-related calc-alkaline magmatism during early Pan-african magmatic arc formation.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Precambrian ; Geochronology ; Geochemistry ; Crustal evolution ; Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper provides new geochemical and isotopic data on the evolution of the western foreland to the Nubian shield of north-east Africa. There is abundant evidence for early to middle Proterozoic crust west of the River Nile, but this was severely affected by the Pan-African (≈ 500–900 Ma) orogenic cycle. The results are reported of Rb-Sr whole rock and zircon evaporation geochronological studies and whole rock Sm-Nd and feldspar Pb isotopic analyses for four rock units around Wadi Halfa in northernmost Sudan. These results indicate the presence of heterogeneous pre-Pan-African crustal components, preserved in mylonitic gneisses and in conglomerates that unconformably overlie the gneisses. Several episodes of crust formation, inferred from zircon ages, are preserved in the gneisses : 2.6, 2.4, 2.0, 1.7, 1.2 and 0.72 Ga. Nd model ages for the same units are invariably older than the zircon ages, yet still record a predominantly late Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic history, with depleted mantle model ages between 1.3 and 2.8 Ga. The earliest recorded Pan-African magmatic event is about 720 Ma and dates the beginning of collisional deformation. A younger Pan-African volcanic sequence (≈ 650 Ma) has isotopic compositions of Sr and Nd compatible with derivation from late Prote rozoic asthenospheric mantle. A ≈ 530 Ma anorogenic ‘A-type’ granite also has isotopic compositions suggesting derivation from a primitive source. The inferred tectonic evolution began with rifting to form an oceanic re-entrant. This was followed by subduction leading to collision at about 700 Ma, accompanied by post-orogenic rifting at about 650 Ma.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Precambrian ; Geochronology ; Geochemistry ; Crustal evolution ; Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper provides new geochemical and isotopic data on the evolution of the western foreland to the Nubian shield of north-east Africa. There is abundant evidence for early to middle Proterozoic crust west of the River Nile, but this was severely affected by the Pan-African (≈ 500–900 Ma) orogenic cycle. The results are reported of Rb-Sr whole rock and zircon evaporation geochronological studies and whole rock Sm-Nd and feldspar Pb isotopic analyses for four rock units around Wadi Halfa in northernmost Sudan. These results indicate the presence of heterogeneous pre-Pan-African crustal components, preserved in mylonitic gneisses and in conglomerates that unconformably overlie the gneisses. Several episodes of crust formation, inferred from zircon ages, are preserved in the gneisses : 2.6, 2.4, 2.0, 1.7, 1.2 and 0.72 Ga. Nd model ages for the same units are invariably older than the zircon ages, yet still record a predominantly late Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic history, with depleted mantle model ages between 1.3 and 2.8 Ga. The earliest recorded Pan-African magmatic event is about 720 Ma and dates the beginning of collisional deformation. A younger Pan-African volcanic sequence (≈ 650 Ma) has isotopic compositions of Sr and Nd compatible with derivation from late Prote rozoic asthenospheric mantle. A ≈ 530 Ma anorogenic ‘A-type’ granite also has isotopic compositions suggesting derivation from a primitive source. The inferred tectonic evolution began with rifting to form an oceanic re-entrant. This was followed by subduction leading to collision at about 700 Ma, accompanied by post-orogenic rifting at about 650 Ma.
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