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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of modification of brain serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) on ethanol tolerance (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 75 (1981), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol tolerance ; Serotonin ; Norepinephrine ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were permanently depleted of brain dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), 5-HT+norepinephrine (NE), or NE +DA by intraventricular injection of either 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) with or without pretreatment with desmethylimipramine (DMI). Following 1 week of recovery from surgery, daily treatment with ethanol (5 g/kg, PO) or isocaloric sucrose was carried out for a period of 20–25 days. Testing at 5-day intervals showed that chronic ethanol treatment produced tolerance to the hypothermic and motor impairing effects of ethanol. Depletion of 5-HT alone retarded tolerance, while depletion of NE or DA alone produced no effect. Combined depletion of both NE and 5-HT, however, completely inhibited tolerance development. The inhibition of tolerance development by combined depletion of both NE and 5-HT is dicussed in terms of a reciprocal relationship between these two systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432429
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The AA and ANA rat lines, selected for differences in voluntary alcohol consumption (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 798-805 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: AA and ANA rats ; alcohol consumption ; genetic selection ; neurochemistry ; stress ; alcohol withdrawal ; behavior ; ethanol metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The offspring of rats that voluntarily select larger quantities of alcohol are heavier consumers of alcohol than the offspring of rats that tend to avoid it. Such selective breeding, repeated over many generations, was used to develop the AA (Alko, Alcohol) line of rats which prefer 10% alcohol to water, and the ANA (Alko, Non-Alcohol) line of rats which choose water to the virtual exclusion of alcohol. In addition to demonstrating the likely role of genetic factors in alcohol consumption, these lines have been used to find behavioral, metabolic, and neurochemical correlates of differential alcohol intake. Some of the line differences that have been found involve the reinforcing effects of ethanol, the changes in consumption produced by alcohol deprivation and nutritional factors, the behavioral and adrenal monoamine reactions to mild stress, the development of tolerance, the accumulation of acetaldehyde during ethanol metabolism, and the brain levels of serotonin. It is hoped that these studies will lead to a better understanding of the genetically-determined mechanisms that influence the selection of alcohol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954055
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Initial sensitivity versus acquired tolerance to ethanol in rats selectively bred for ethanol sensitivity (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 86 (1985), S. 302-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Initial sensitivity ; Acquired tolerance ; Ethanol ; Genetically selected rat strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chronic tolerance to ethanol-induced sleep, motor impairment (moving belt test), and hypothermia were examined in two lines of rats that had been selectively bred for their different initial sensitivities to ethanol. In agreement with previous work (Mayer et al. 1982, 1983), the least-affected (LA) rats were found to be less sensitive than their most-affected (MA) counterparts in all three tests. Chronic treatment with ethanol resulted in a more rapid and more marked tolerance development in MA animals than in LA ones. The two lines did not differ in final level of tolerance achieved for either sleep time or hypothermia. However, significant differences were observed with respect to the moving belt test, in that at the end of chronic ethanol treatment the MA animals were more resistant to ethanol than the LA ones. These studies support the existence of a relationship, but not necessarily a direct genetic linkage, between initial sensitivity and acquired tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432218
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential sensitivity to ethanol, pentobarbital, and barbital in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 86 (1985), S. 296-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol sensitivity ; Barbiturate sensitivity ; Genetic differences ; SH rat ; WK rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ethanol, pentobarbital, and barbital sleep times and blood levels on awakening were determined in female spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WK) rats. Ethanol-induced sleep times were significantly longer for SH than for WK and blood ethanol concentrations on awakening were significantly lower in SH than in WK rats. By contrast, pentobarbital and barbital sleep times for SH rats were significantly less than for WK rats and barbiturate blood levels at awakening were significantly higher in SH than in WK rats. No differences were observed between SH and WK rats with respect to the disappearance of ethanol, pentobarbital, and barbital from blood and in the apparent volume of distribution of these drugs. These observations suggest differential CNS sensitivity of the SH and WK rats to ethanol and barbiturates and provide additional support for the notion that there exist differences in the modes of acute action of these drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432217
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of Pavlovian conditioning in the development of tolerance and cross-tolerance to the hypothermic effect of ethanol and hydralazine (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 92 (1987), S. 210-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Hydralazine ; Hypothermia ; Tolerance ; Cross tolerance ; Conditioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role of Pavlovian conditioning in the development of tolerance to the hypothermic effect of ethanol and of cross-tolerance to hydralazine was investigated. In the first study, two groups of rats were treated on alternate days with ethanol (2 or 4 g/kg, respectively, IP) in a novel and distinctive environment (DR). On the non-alcohol days, they received saline in the home room (HR). A control group received saline in both environments. Tolerance to the hypothermic effect of ethanol in the DR was demonstrable in both the 2 and 4 g/kg treatment groups. Tolerance in the HR, however, was observed only in the 4 g/kg treated group. Cross-tolerance to the hypothermic effect of hydralazine was observed for both ethanol-treated groups in the DR but not in the HR. In the second study, ethanol treatment was carried out by daily intubation with 6 g/kg ethanol in the home cage. Tolerance to ethanol-induced hypothermia was demonstrated either in the home cage or in a novel environment. This treatment, however, failed to confer cross-tolerance to the hypothermic effect of hydralazine. These findings suggest that conditioning plays a predominant role in the tolerance produced by low but not by high treatment dosage. The data also suggest that conditioning might be a separate component in tolerance development, which is of special importance in tolerance to behavioral effects in the whole animal rather than to cellular or molecular effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177917
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    “Paradoxical” analgesia induced by naloxone and naltrexone (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 96 (1988), S. 36-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Analgesia ; Pain ; Naloxone ; Naltrexone ; Opiates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Analgesic effects of pellet implantation of the opiate antagonists naloxone and naltrexone and of chronic administration of naloxone by subcutaneous injection were examined. Rats were implanted with a slow-release pellet containing 10 mg naloxone or 10 mg naltrexone and tested for paw-lick latency on a hotplate apparatus. Controls were implanted with placebo pellets or given saline injections as appropriate. There were five test trials at intervals up to 72 h after implantation of naloxone and up to 120 h after the implantation of naltrexone. In a separate experiment, 5 mg/kg naloxone was injected; there were single trials on 5 consecutive days. All drug-treated animals displayed clear and substantial analgesia by their second test trial. This “paradoxical” analgesia was gradually reversed in the pellet-implant groups as tissue levels of the antagonists declined, but increased progressively with each trial involving injections. It was hypothesized that blockade of endogenous opiates by antagonists resulted in a form of “super-pain” on the hotplate, which in turn activated a normally redundant “backup” analgesic system. The results with naloxone injections show that unlike opiate-mediated analgesia, this hypothetical system is resistant to tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431530
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Roles of intoxicated practice in the development of ethanol tolerance (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 366-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol tolerance ; Intoxicated practice ; Motor impairment ; Hypothermia ; Narcosis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The development of tolerance to the motor impairment effect of ethanol was examined in separate groups of rats receiving and not receiving intoxicated practice. Tolerance to the motor impairment effect of ethanol developed whether or not rats received intoxicated practice during chronic ethanol treatment. Depending on the treatment dosage and test dose, intoxicated practice might enhance the level of tolerance attained. Tolerance to other effects of ethanol (hypothermia and narcosis) developed as a function of the treatment dosage. Intoxicated practice on the moving belt did not modify the development of tolerance to these effects of ethanol. Tolerance to the motor impairment effect of ethanol, however, was retained much longer in the intoxicated practice group following the termination of ethanol treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445559
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of ethanol tolerance in alcohol drinking (AA) and alcohol avoiding (ANA) rats (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 94 (1988), S. 479-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Genetically selected rat lines ; Tolerance ; Ethanol ; Ethanol preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The development of tolerance to ethanol was examined in two rat lines selected for high (AA) and low (ANA) ethanol consumption. In the first experiment, the acquisition of tolerance to the motor-impairment, hypothermic and hypnotic effects of ethanol produced by daily treatment with 5 g/kg ethanol for a period of 24 days was examined. Tolerance to these effects of ethanol was observed in the AA rats while marginal or no tolerance was demonstrated in the ANA rats. In the second experiment the development of rapid tolerance to the hypothermic and hypnotic effects of ethanol was examined. The hypothermic and hypnotic responses to IP injection of 3.5 g/kg ethanol were found to be attenuated in the AA but not the ANA rats by a single equivalent ethanol injection given 24 h earlier. These results suggest some relationship between the capacity to develop tolerance and voluntary ethanol intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212841
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of acute selective 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3 receptor andα 2 adrenoceptor blockade on naloxone-induced antinociception (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 113 (1994), S. 527-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Naloxone-induced antinociception ; Serotonin receptor antagonists ; α2-Adrenoceptor antagonists ; Pain ; Opiate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several studies have demonstrated a paradoxical form of antinociception induced by the repeated administration of opioid antagonists accompanied by exposure to a painful stimulus. The underlying mechanism of this naloxone-induced antinociception (NIA) is still unknown, but the results of several studies suggest that it is a non-opioid response. This study was designed to investigate serotonergic and noradrenergic involvement in NIA. Rats were treated daily with systemic injections of 5 mg/kg naloxone, followed by a 45-s hot plate test of nociception (temperature=51.5 ± 0.5°C). After rats reached plateau levels of NIA, they received a test trial in which they were treated with various doses of different selective 5-HT or α2 adrenoceptor antagonists in addition to naloxone before the hot plate test. Rats treated with 0.16, 0.32 and 0.63 mg/kg pirenperone or 2.5 mg/kg ritanserin showed significant reductions in paw lick latency with respect to rats treated with vehicle. In addition, high doses of yohimbine (7.5–10 mg/kg) also effectively reversed NIA. In contrast, NIA was not affected by acute blockade of 5-HT1 or 5-HT3 receptors by methiothepin or MDL 72222, respectively, or by the α2 adrenoceptor blocker idazoxan. None of the 5-HT or α2 adrenoceptor antagonists had any effect on the paw lick latencies of saline-treated rats. A possible role of 5-HT2 receptors in the antinociception induced by opioid receptor blockade is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245234
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress reinstates nicotine seeking but not sucrose solution seeking in rats (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 144 (1999), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Drug self-administration ; Extinction ; Nicotine ; Reinstatement ; Relapse ; Stress ; Sucrose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract   Rationale: Intermittent footshock stress effectively reinstates extinguished heroin-, cocaine- and alcohol-taking behaviors, but not behaviors previously maintained by food reinforcers. Here we tested further the generality of the phenomenon of stress-induced reinstatement by determining the effect of footshock on reinstatement of operant responding previously maintained by nicotine or palatable sucrose solutions. Methods: Groups of rats were trained to self-administer either nicotine (0.03 mg/kg per infusion, 14 days) or sucrose (10 or 30% w/v, 14–20 days). After extinction of the nicotine- or the sucrose-reinforced behaviors for 5–15 days, the rats were exposed to intermittent footshock stress (5 and 15 min, 0.8 mA) during tests for reinstatement. Results: Footshock reliably reinstated nicotine seeking after extinction of the drug-reinforced behavior. In contrast, the same parameters of footshock stress did not consistently reinstate operant responding previously maintained by sucrose solutions. Conclusions: These and previous data suggest that stressors may be more effective stimuli for reinstatement of behaviors previously maintained by drug reinforcers as compared with non-drug reinforcers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050992
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