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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    National Ignition Facility core x-ray streak camera : Papers from the thirteenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 748-750 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The National Ignition Facility (NIF) core x-ray streak camera will be used for laser performance verification experiments as well as a wide range of physics experiments in the areas of high-energy-density science, inertial confinement fusion, and basic science. The x-ray streak camera system is being designed to record time-dependent x-ray emission from NIF targets using an interchangeable family of snouts for measurements such as one-dimensional (1D) spatial imaging or spectroscopy. the NIF core x-ray streak camera will consist of an x-ray-sensitive photocathode that detects x rays with 1D spatial resolution coupled to an electron streak tube to detect a continuous time history of the x rays incident on the photocathode over selected time periods. A charge-coupled-device (CCD) readout will record the signal from the streak tube. The streak tube, CCD, and associated electronics will reside in an electromagnetic interference, and electromagnetic pulse protected, hermetically sealed, temperature-controlled box whose internal pressure is approximately 1 atm. The streak tube itself will penetrate through the wall of the box into the target chamber vacuum. We are working with a goal of a spatial resolution of 15 lp/mm with 50% contrast transfer function at the photocathode and adjustment sweep intervals of 1–50 ns. The camera spectral sensitivity extends from soft x rays to 20 keV x rays, with varying quantum efficiency based on photocathode selection. The system will have remote control, monitoring, and Ethernet communications through an embedded controller. The core streak camera will be compatible with the instrument manipulators at the OMEGA (University of Rochester) and NIF facilities. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1318262
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Near to backscattered light imaging diagnostic on the National Ignition Facility : Papers from the thirteenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 976-978 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is being built at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy Stockpile Stewardship Program. It will perform experiments for inertial confinement fusion ignition, high energy density science, and basic science. A target diagnostic is being developed for the NIF that will image nearly all the light scattered near the laser axis, (i.e., just outside the laser focusing lens). The diagnostic is called the near backscatter imager (NBI) and is presently required to measure stimulated Brillouin (SBS) and stimulated Raman (SRS) scattering so that the backscatter fraction will be determined with a goal of 30% uncertainty, and SBS and SRS temporal response with ∼200 ps resolution. The NBI will also provide an option to measure temporally resolved spectrum with 50 ps and ∼1 nm resolution. The diagnostic will obtain SBS and SRS scatter plate images with a retro-viewing optical digital camera placed inside the target chamber. Time integrated optical diodes and fast optical diodes will be placed at several locations on the scatter plate to obtain the power and total energy data, as well as a calibration for the scatter plate image at several points. Fibers will be placed near the diodes to provide the option to make spectral measurement. A calibration system using a low power laser, in situ, to illuminate a series of points on the plate while recording the plate image with an external camera system is also being considered. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1319601
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray backlighting for the National Ignition Facility (invited) : Papers from the thirteenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 627-634 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: X-ray backlighting is a powerful tool for diagnosing a large variety of high-density phenomena. Traditional area backlighting techniques used at Nova and Omega cannot be extended efficiently to National Ignition Facility scale. New, more efficient backlighting sources and techniques are required and have begun to show promising results. These include a backlit-pinhole point-projection technique, pinhole and slit arrays, distributed polychromatic sources, and picket-fence backlighters. In parallel, there have been developments in improving the data signal-to-noise and, hence, quality by switching from film to charge-coupled-device-based recording media and by removing the fixed-pattern noise of microchannel-plate-based cameras. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1315641
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of the National Ignition Facility static x-ray imager : Papers from the thirteenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 698-700 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Two static x-ray imagers (SXI) will be used to monitor beam pointing on all target shots in the National Ignition Facility. These pinhole-based instruments will provide time integrated two-dimensional images of target x-ray emissions in the energy range between 2 and 3 keV. These instruments are not DIM based and will view along dedicated lines of sight from near the top and bottom ports of the target chamber. Beams that miss or clip the hohlraum laser-entrance holes will produce x-ray emission on the ends of the hohlraum, indicating improper beam pointing and/or target positioning. The SXIs will also be used to quantify beam focusing and pointing by producing x-ray images of dedicated test targets irradiated by focused beams at precalculated positions. A proposed design is presented, along with supporting data from NOVA target experiments. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1318255
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of the National Ignition Facility diagnostic instrument manipulator : Papers from the thirteenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 530-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The diagnostic instrument manipulator (DIM) provides a diagnostic platform to insert and retract a variety of instruments into and out of the National Ignition Facility target chamber. The DIM is a two-stage telescoping system, designed to fit on any of the DIM designated diagnostic ports on the target chamber, and will provide precision radial positioning, pointing, and alignment-to-target capability. The DIM provides a standard set of utilities, and cables to support the operation of instruments that require insertion into the target chamber. The DIM provides for positioning of diagnostic packages, and enables exchange of manipulator diagnostics between fusion laboratories. Principal design requirements for the DIM are presented. A half-length prototype of the DIM was designed and fabricated by Atomic Weapons Establishment in England and is being tested at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The results of this testing are presented. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1316758
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observer variability in the Goseki grouping of gastric adenocarcinoma in resection and biopsy specimens (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Histopathology 42 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Aims:  The Goseki grouping of gastric adenocarcinoma has been suggested as a possible prognostic factor. In those centres where it is used, it may be valuable to assess the Goseki grouping of a tumour on the initial diagnostic biopsy as well as on the resection specimen since it may in theory influence management. We examined the robustness of Goseki grouping of gastric adenocarcinoma in representative sections from resection and biopsy specimens in order to assess the consistency of agreement among a group of pathologists.Methods:  A single representative block from 100 gastric resection specimens was studied using a haematoxylin and eosin and mucin (alcian blue/periodic acid–Schiff) stain. These were circulated in batches to members of a group of 12 pathologists who each completed a simple proforma confirming the presence of carcinoma and assigning a Goseki group. In a second circulation the diagnostic biopsy specimen taken prior to resection was examined in the same way. This allowed comparison of the Goseki group of the biopsy and resection specimens.Results:  In both studies κ statistics showed good agreement on tubular differentiation of the carcinoma, but only moderate agreement for the intracellular mucin production, resulting in moderate agreement for the final Goseki group. Correlation between the Goseki group assigned on the biopsy and resected specimens was seen in 62% of the cases. However, the reproducibility was low (κ 0.375).Conclusions:  The Goseki grouping of resected gastric adenocarcinoma is reproducible and can be used in prognostication. Goseki grouping of biopsy specimens is of limited value in predicting the Goseki group assigned to the resected carcinoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2559.2003.01609.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consistency of histopathological reporting of laryngeal dysplasia (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Histopathology 37 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: AimsClinical management of premalignant and malignant lesions of the larynx is dependent on histopathological evaluation. The Scottish Pathology Consistency Group assessed interobserver variation in the evaluation of laryngeal dysplasia.Methods and resultsOne hundred laryngeal biopsies ranging from normal to invasive carcinoma were assessed. The overall Kappa result of 0.32 was disappointing. However, agreement on those categories which dictate significantly different management was more favourable. The Kappa figure for mild dysplasia versus severe dysplasia/CIS was 0.7, the Kappa figure for mild dysplasia versus severe dysplasia/CIS and invasive carcinoma was 0.77. The Kappa figure for mild and moderate dysplasia versus severe dysplasia/CIS and invasive carcinoma was 0.57. An attempt to use a two grade system gave a Kappa figure of 0.52.ConclusionsOur group had a satisfactory agreement on the distinction of mild from severe dysplasia and on microinvasive carcinoma without any discussion as to histopathological criteria to be used. Clinical management — review endoscopy, repeat cord stripping, radiotherapy and laryngectomy — is in general dependent on histological assessment. Thus the agreement on categories which underpin clinical management is reassuring. However, assessment of moderate dysplasia remains problematic. An attempt to utilize a two grade system — low grade from high grade dysplasia/CIS — may have merit. The implications of the terminology used must be agreed among pathologists and clinicians working closely within clinicopathological cancer groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.00998.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of human gastric cyclic AMP production by Helicobacter pylori protein—possible involvement of mucosal prostaglandin E2 (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 5 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of Helicobacter pylori protein on cAMP and prostaglandin (PGE2) production was studied in incubates of human gastric fundic mucosa.At 24 hours, specimens incubated in the control fluid had a median cAMP value of 81 pmol/mg protein, compared to 28 pmol/mg (P 〈 0.05) when incubated in H. pylori protein, 155 pmol/kg (P 〈 0.006) in histamine, and 23 pmol/kg (P 〈 0.05) in histamine plus H. pylori protein. A similar trend was observed at 48 hours. Although H. pylori protein had no direct effect on mucosal PGE2, it intensified the inhibitory effect of indomethacin and prevented the stimulatory effect of histamine on both PGE2 and cAMP production.Given the role of cAMP in various physiological responses, these results suggest that H. pylori protein might alter those functional aspects of the human gastric mucosa which rely on cAMP as a second messenger. Assuming that PGE2 is involved in mediating such effect, its role would appear to be either partial or indirect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.1991.tb00041.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The interaction between Helicobacter pylori culture filtrate and indomethacin: effects on the integrity of human gastric antral mucosa and its prostaglandin E2 production in vitro (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 4 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Histopathological methods and radioimmunoassay were used to assess the microstructure and prostaglandin E2 production by paired specimens of human gastric antral mucosa; the specimens were studied after 48 h of incubation in base-line tissue culture medium, Helicobacter pylori culture filtrate, H. pylori culture control fluid, indomethacin, and H. pylori culture filtrate plus indomethacin. When applied alone, the filtrate did not affect the structure of the mucosal tissue or its prostaglandin E2 synthesis. In the overall group (n = 21), specimens incubated with the mixture of H. pylori filtrate and indomethacin had a median histological grade of 1 and prostaglandin E2 of 29 pg/mg tissue, compared to 2 pg/mg (P= 0.04) and 60 pg/mg (P= 0.0007) respectively, in specimens incubated with indomethacin alone.These results indicate that an interaction may exist between
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.1990.tb00471.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hodgkin's disease (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Histopathology 11 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.1987.tb01861.x
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