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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water-vapor-effect on the oxidation of Fe-21.5 wt.%Cr-5.6 wt.%Al at 1000°C (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 47 (1997), S. 445-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Fe-Cr-Al alloy ; water vapor ; ESCA ; RHEED
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Fe-21.5 wt. %Cr-5.6 wt. %Al oxidation, at 1000°C, in dry or wet oxygen shows that steam has an influence on the oxide-scale growth mechanism. Steam modifies the kinetics of early-stage oxidation. In dry oxygen, an initial fast linear regime is observed during one hour. Under wet conditions, weight-gain curves follow the same parabolic regime over the entire oxidation test. The scale structure strongly depends on the presence of steam in the gaseous environment. With dry oxygen, the scale is composed mainly ofα-Al2O3 after the initial formation ofγ-Al2O3 identified by ESCA and RHEED. The kinetics transient stage corresponds to the necessary time for the internal part of the initialγ-Al2O3 scale to transform into a continuousα-Al2O3 diffusion barrier. Under wet oxygen conditions, transient oxides are identified as (Mg, Fe) (Cr, Al)2O4, MgAl2O4 (orthorhombic), Al2O3 (hexagonal), these oxides transform into MgAl2O4 (cubic), Cr3O4, Fe2O3,α-Al2O3, with time. When water vapor does not change drastically oxidation kinetics, the induced presence of iron and chromium in the oxide scale could be responsible for weakening the protectiveness of alumina scales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02134786
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of ceria coatings on growth stresses developed in wüstite scales formed on pure iron at 800°C (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 417-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: iron ; oxidation ; CeO2 coating ; in situ ; growth stress ; residual stress ; texture ; X ray diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In situ XRD stress determinations have been performed during oxidation of pure iron (p(O2=2 × 10−3 Pa,T=800°C)). The compressive stress, initially present in the substrate due to surface preparation, is completely released at 400°C. Under the test conditions, the in situ compressive-stress level determined in the FeO scale during oxidation is not strongly dependent upon the presence of a ceria coating. On blank and coated specimens, the compressive stress varies from −400 ± 80 MPa to −150 ± 100 MPa during 30 hr oxidation. The decrease is quicker at the beginning of the test performed on blank specimens. Epitaxial relationships between the wüstite scale and iron (under low-pressure starting conditions) caused thein situ compressive stress in the oxide scale to be two times greater compared to the usual test conditions. This indicates that epitaxial relationships can be a source of stress in an oxide scale that ceria coatings may lower compressive stresses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02153459
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Influence of Yttrium Implantation on the Oxidation of Impure Iron Containing C and Mn at 700°C (1998)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 49 (1998), S. 561-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: IRON ; OXIDATION ; YTTRIUM ; ION IMPLANTATION ; IMPURITY ; CARBON ; MANGANESE ; Fe2YO4 ; YMNO3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A study of impurity-yttrium interactions hasbeen performed during iron oxidation [p(O2)= 0.04 Pa, T = 700°C]. Yttrium-implanted specimensalways exhibit better oxidation behavior compared withblank specimens. On pure iron or the Fe 0.054 wt.%C alloy thebeneficial effect is attributed toFe2YO4 formation. With themanganese-containing alloys (Fe 0.2 wt.%Mn), theprotective effect of yttrium is attributed to YMnO3 formation. The best oxidationbehavior is obtained with implanted Fe0.18 wt.%Mn-0.041wt.%C alloys due to the formation of an YMnO3oxide subscale at the scale-alloy interface. Yttriumimplantation also hinders carbon segregation at theoxide-alloy interface. This effect ensures better scaleadherence. With the most-impure alloy, yttriumimplantation also changes the growth process fromexternal cation diffusion to predominant inward-oxygendiffusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018842727206
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Yttrium on the Oxidation of Pure Iron at 973 K; Comparison Between Ion Implantation and Sol-Gel Coatings (1999)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 52 (1999), S. 321-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: PURE IRON ; YTTRIUM ; ION IMPLANTATION ; SOL-GEL COATING ; OXIDATION
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of yttrium introduced by ionimplantation or by sol-gel coatings on the oxidation ofpure iron has been studied at 973 K underp(O2) = 0.04 Pa. The oxide scales wereexamined using a wide range of analytical techniques. The addition ofyttrium by ion implantation or by sol-gel coatingssignificantly improved the oxidation resistance of pureiron. This effect depends upon the introduction mode of yttrium on the surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018847712919
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfidation properties of austenitic Fe-Mn and Fe-Mn-Al alloys under low sulfur vapor pressure (8 Pa) in the temperature range 873–1173 K (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 24 (1985), S. 29-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; Fe-Mn ; Fe-Mn-Al alloys ; scaling mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The sulfidation properties of austenitic Fe-Mn and Fe-Mn-Al alloys containing small amounts of carbon have been characterized with respect to the sulfidation kinetics, scale morphological development, structures, and composition of the sulfide phases. The alloys contained 21–40 wt. % Mn and 2.5–8 wt.% Al. The sulfide phase was monosulfide of manganese and iron containing the other metallic elements in solid solution. Two regimes of sulfidation categorized by slow and fast reaction rates were exhibited by all alloys when sulfidized in sulfur vapor at $${\text{P}}_{S_2 } $$ = 8 Pa and over the temperature range 873–1173 K. In the slow regime, a compact duplex α-Mn(Fe)S/Fe(Mn)S scale evolved by a classical parabolic law associated with metal diffusion in scale. A porous microcrystalline mixed scale of the above sulfides evolved in the regime of rapid sulfidation by quasilinear kinetics associated with sulfur ingress through the porous scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659596
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of the Intermetallic Compound NbAl3: Influence of Two Processing Techniques on the Oxidation Mechanism (2000)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 54 (2000), S. 27-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: NbAl3 ; microstructure ; high-temperature oxidation ; “pest” phenomenon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The NbAl3 intermetallic compound was prepared two different ways:first, by the classical induction-melting technique; the end product is acoarse-grain massive compound, including cracks and pores. Second, bymechanically activated annealing process (M2AP); the end product is afine-grain, powder of submicron crystallites. The oxidation behavior in airunder atmospheric pressure over the temperature range 500–1350°Cwas studied for each material in order to determine the influence of theNbAl3 microstructure on the oxidation mechanism. In all cases,the massive compound does not form the expected compact alumina, protectivescale. In the lower temperature range, the “pest” phenomenonoccurs. No grain disintegration was evidenced by oxidation of the M2APNbAl3 powder despite the high number of crystallites forming onegrain. This is a good argument with expected behavior for a massive materialproduced from the M2AP precursor by powder metallurgy processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004694327812
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protection of Fe-Cr-Al alloys in sulfidizing environments by means of an α-Al2O3 scale (1982)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 17 (1982), S. 315-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-Cr-Al alloys ; sulfidation ; diffusion ; corrosion protection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The sulfur corrosion behavior of ferritic Fe-22.2Cr-5.5Al and Fe-10.2Cr-5.1Al (wt.%) alloys was studied in sulfur vapor and in a 10%H 2 S -H 2 (vol. %) atmosphere at 900°C after preoxidation of the alloys at 1000°C in oxygen to form an α-Al 2 O 3 scale. The immunity time before onset of sulfidation attack to form a layered scale containing chromium and iron sulfides was dependent upon the α-Al 2 O 3 scale thickness and the nature of the sulfidizing atmosphere. In pure sulfur at low vapor pressure, $$P_{S_2 }$$ =8.1×10 −5 atm, the sulfide scale initially developed by the diffusion of metal cations through the α-Al 2 O 3 barrier. On the other hand, the sulfide was nucleated and grew beneath the Al 2 O 3 barrier when the alloys were exposed in the H 2 S -H 2 atmosphere at $$P_{S_2 }$$ =1.5×10 −5 atm. It was possible to demonstate by calculations from a gas-oxide-metal model for sulfur adsorption and diffusion in the solid phases that the types of initial sulfidation attack in these atmospheres were determined by sulfur threshold concentrations at the alloy-oxide and oxide-gas interfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00742114
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfidation of manganese in sulfur vapor at low pressure and temperatures between 873 and 1273 K (1984)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 21 (1984), S. 299-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: manganese ; sulfidation ; grain orientation ; α-MnS ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An investigation was carried out on the sulfidation kinetics of manganese plates by thermogravimetry in pure sulfur vapor at low pressures, 4.5×10−5〈 pS2 (atm)〈7.2×10−4, at temperatures between 973 and 1173 K. The reaction kinetics were parabolic and the sulfidation rate constant at 1073 K was proportional to $$p_{S_2 }^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 n}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} n}} $$ where n = 6.4±0.8. The activation energy for the sulfidation reaction at $$p_{S_2 } = 8.1x10^{ - 5} $$ atm was 25,000±3000 cal·mol−1. The α-MnS developed a preferred orientation texture, and grain growth was observed even though the metal exhibited no preferred orientation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656838
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Manganese sulfidation in H2S-H2 mixtures in the temperature range 673–1223 K (1988)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 30 (1988), S. 273-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: manganese ; sulfidation ; morphology ; texture ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Pure manganese was sulfidized in H2S−H2 mixtures at temperatures between 673 and 1223 K, under a sulfur partial pressure in the range 2.2 × 10−5−3.4 Pa. The large temperature range investigated must be partitioned into three domains, in which kinetics, sulfide scale morphology, and texture are strongly linked. In the higher-temperature domain, experimental results were in accordance with literature data concerning manganese sulfidation carried out in pure sulfur vapor, with respect to parabolic kinetics and the morphological point of view. In the lower-temperature domain, kinetics were linear for the major duration of an experiment. They began with a period of decreasing rate, followed by a period of a few hours during which no weight gain was detected. Scale texture and morphology were unusual in this environment. Between these two domains, an intermediate one was observed wherein some characteristics of the two previous ones were mixed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659002
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High temperature corrosion of Ni-20Cr and Ni-15Cr-8Fe alloys in sulfur dioxide (1993)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 39 (1993), S. 211-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; sulfidation ; nickel alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Two nickel-base alloys, Ni-20Cr and Ni-15Cr-8Fe, in the form of wire specimens, have been exposed to 100 mbar of sulfur dioxide between 550 and 850°C. For Ni-20Cr, an outer Cr2O3 layer formed only at the beginning of the reaction, but very quickly Ni3S2 grew preferentially at the exterior by outward diffusion of nickel. The reaction rate is regulated by an external interfacial process. A barrier effect was noted near 645°C associated with the formation of NiCr2O4; a new acceleration takes place above 680°C. The external growth of Ni3S2 is attributed to the low radius of curvature of the samples. For Ni-15Cr-8Fe, the reaction mechanism is rather similar, except that no barrier effect occurred. A protective Cr2O3 layer formed above 800°C in both cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665612
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