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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 16 (1994), S. 429-438 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Articular cartilage ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Cartilage thickness ; Patella ; Knee joint
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'évaluation quantitative de l'épaisseur et du volume du cartilage de patellas humaines, fixées dans un mélange d'alcool et de formol, a été réalisée en imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) car on ne sait encore avec exactitude si l'aspect morphologique du cartilage normal ou lésé peut être parfaitement démontré par cette technique. L'IRM a été réalisée sur un appareil 1.0 T (épaisseur de coupe : 2 mm, résolution : 0,39–0,58 mm) avec les séquences suivantes : 1) séquence en spin écho pondéré T1, 2) 3D-MRAGE, 3) 3D-FISP, 4) 3D-MTC-FISP, 5) 3D-DESS, 6) 3D-FLASH. Après la réalisation de l'IRM, la patella était sectionnée tous les 2 mm, perpendiculairement à sa surface articulaire, à l'aide d'une scie à ruban. Le volume de son cartilage était déterminé sur les coupes anatomiques et les images IRM grâce à un système d'analyse d'images Vidas IPS 10 (Kontron). Les mesures étaient réalisées avec et sans la couche en hyposignal correspondant à la zone transitionnelle située entre le cartilage articulaire et l'os sous-chondral. Lorsque cette couche en hyposignal était prise en compte, le volume était surestimé par l'IRM de 16 à 19%. Lorsque cette couche en hyposignal n'était pas prise en compte, les volumes étaient inférieurs à ceux déterminés par les coupes anatomiques : T1-SE : −18,2%, MPRAGE : −22,6%, FISP : − 17,1%, MTC-FISP : − 9,5%, DESS : − 9,3% et FLASH : −6,1%. La séquence FLASH permettait l'appréciation la plus correcte et la plus reproductible de la morphologie du cartilage. La différence persistante par rapport au volume réel du cartilage peut être due au fait que la zone calcifiée du cartilage n'est pas délimitée par l'IRM.
    Notes: Summary Quantitative assessment of cartilage volume and thickness in a formalin-alcohol fixed specimen of a human patella was conducted with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as it is still unclear whether the morphology of normal and damaged cartilage can be accurately demonstrated with this technique. MR imaging was carried out at 1.0 T (section thickness 2 mm, in-plane-resolution 0.39 – 0.58 mm) with the following pulse sequences: 1) T1-weighted spin-echo, 2) 3D-MPRA-GE, 3) 3D-FISP, 4) 3D-MTC-FISP, 5) 3D-DESS, 6) 3D-FLASH. Following imaging, the patella was sectioned perpendicular to the articular surface at intervals of 2 mm with a diamond band-saw. The volume of its cartilage was determined from the anatomical sections and the MR images, using a Vidas IPS 10 image analysing system (Kontron). Measurements were carried out with and without the low-signal layer in the transitional zone between the articular cartilage and the subchondral bone. If the low-signal layer was included, the volume was overestimated with MRI by 16 to 19 %. Without the low-signal layer the volumes were less than those determined from the anatomical sections: T1-SE −18,2 %, MPRAGE −22.6 %, FISP −17.1 %, MTC-FISP −9.5 %, DESS −9,3% and FLASH −6.1 %. The coefficient of variation for a 6-fold determination of the volume amounted to between 6.2 % (T1-SE) and 2.6 % (FLASH). The FLASH sequence allowed the most valid and reproducible assessment of the cartilage morphology. The remaining difference from the real volume of the cartilage may be due to the fact that the calcified zone of the cartilage is not delineated by MRI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Tetrahedron Letters 19 (1978), S. 895-898 
    ISSN: 0040-4039
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Tetrahedron Letters 19 (1978), S. 3549-3552 
    ISSN: 0040-4039
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1433-0431
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Bioimplantat • Biomechanik •¶Knorpeldefekt • Knorpelregeneration •¶Mesenchymale Zelldifferenzierung ; Key words Bioimplant • Biomechanics • Cartilage ¶defect • Cartilage repair • Mesenchymal cell differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Hyaline cartilage is thought to be unable to regenerate. All efforts so far – including autologous chondrocyte cell transplantation – to reconstruct cartilage defects in joints have not been totally convincing. However, mesenchymal cells are able to differentiate into chondrocytes under mechanical pressure conditions. In this study, an open porous resorbable two-layer “bioimplant” was constructed in which mechanical pressure was exerted onto mesenchymal cells when migrated into the open porous structure of the bioimplant. Differentiation of the cells into chondrocytes was thus induced. The bioimplants were implanted into the medial condyles of nine rabbits and left in place for eight or twelve weeks, respectively. In seven of these cases, cartilage formation was found, in contrary to the controls in which only connective tissue and bone had grown into the empty holes. The new bioimplants have proven their effectiveness in cartilage defect repair and might evolve in the future as a new alternative treatment of full thickness defects of joint surfaces.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gelenkknorpel gilt in der Regel als nicht regenerationsfähig. Bis jetzt durchgeführte Versuche zur Wiederherstellung des Gelenkknorpels, inklusive der Knorpelzelltransplantation, zeigten wenig erfolgversprechende Ergebnisse. Jedoch gibt es Hinweise, dass unter Druckbelastung mesenchymale Stammzellen sich in Knorpelzellen differenzieren können. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde ein offenporiges resorbierbares, zweischichtiges „Bioimplantat“ konstruiert, das nach Implantation in einen Knochen-Knorpel-Defekt die physiologischen Druckverhältnisse nachahmt und so eine Differenzierung von mesenchymalen Stammzellen zu hyalinem Knorpel ermöglicht. An 9 Kaninchen wurde dieses Bioimplantat an Knochenknorpeldefekten des Femurkondylus über 2 verschiedene Zeiträume erprobt und mit Leerlochversuchen verglichen. Durch die Bioimplantate gelang es im Gegensatz zu den Leerlochversuchen in 7 von 9 Fällen Bereiche mit hyalinartigem Knorpel zu induzieren. Die Methode scheint einen neuen erfolgsversprechenden Ansatz zur Reparation von Knorpeldefekten darzustellen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Cartilage ; Cartilage thickness ; Patella ; Joints ; MR ; Knee ; MR ; Magnetic resonance technology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. The objective of this study was to analyse the potential of magnetic resonance imaging for valid determination of patellar cartilage thickness, comparing currently available pulse sequences. Design. In six patients and one cadaver the cartilage was repetitively imaged employing three spin-echo and six three-dimensional gradient-echo sequences. In the cadaveric specimen the total volume and the regional distribution of cartilage thickness were assessed and compared with the values obtained from anatomical sections by image analysis. Results and conclusions. The FLASH and fat-suppressed FLASH sequences allowed the most accurate determination of the cartilage volume and thickness. Fat-suppression considerably increased the contrast of the cartilage to the synovial fluid, fat and bone marrow, yielding higher reproducibility of the volumetric measurements. The remaining difference from the anatomical volume and thickness may be because the calcified cartilage is not delineated by magnetic resonance imaging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Subchondral bone ; Cartilage thickness ; Functional adaptation ; Morphometry ; Methyl methacrylate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The regional thickness distributions of the subchondral plate and the unmineralized part of the articular cartilage were morphometrically determined in normal human patellae, and the correlation coefficient for each specimen calculated from the paired measurements. For this purpose the patellae were embedded in methyl methacrylate and cut as serial sections, which were assessed with a Vidas image-analyzing system (Kontron). The values obtained were used to reconstruct the individual and average thickness distributions and to calculate the correlation coefficients for each subject. Both the thickness of the subchondral plate and that of the cartilage revealed regular distributions which, however, followed different patterns. Central regions with maximum values from which the thickness decreased concentrically towards the periphery were found in both. However, the distribution patterns of the unmineralized cartilage and the subchondral plate could be clearly distinguished, both by the position of the maxima and by the arrangement of the isocrassids (contour lines of equal thickness). The thicknesses of the two tissues showed a correlation between 0.38 and 0.82 (mean 0.6). We attribute this to their different reactions to the type of stress acting upon them. It appears that the thickness of the subchondral plate is principally determined by stresses acting over a longer period of time with low frequency, whereas the thickness of the articular cartilage seems to be a response to intermittent dynamic stresses of a higher frequency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hochfrequenzsonographie ; 13-MHz-Sonographie ; Sprunggelenk ; Kollateralbänder ; Syndesmose ; Key words High-frequency sonography ; 13-MHz sonography ; Ankle joint ; Collateral ligaments ; Syndesmosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Purpose: Determination of the value of 13-MHz high-frequency ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute injuries of the lateral ankle ligaments and the anterior tibiofibular ligament by comparison with MRI. Method: Sonography was performed prospectively in 64 acutely injured patients using a mechanical 13-MHz sector probe; for diagnosis of the anterior tibiofibular ligament a 15-MHz sector probe was employed during the course of this trial. Using a 0.2-T unit for MRI examination, T1-weighted (TR 580 ms, TE 24 ms) and T2-weighted (TR 3000 ms, TE 80 ms) spin-echo sequences were obtained in various oblique axial imaging planes. Results: In the differentiation of intact and injured ligaments, ultrasound and MRI agreed in 95.3% of cases for the anterior fibulotalar ligament, in 88.3% for the fibulocalcanear ligament and in 85.0% for the anterior tibiofibular ligament. Conclusion: Lesions of the anterior talofibular and fibulocalcanear ligament can be accurately demonstrated by ultrasound if a 13-MHz sector scanner is used. The detection of lesions in the anterior tibiofibular ligament is more difficult. With increasing experience and by using a 15-MHz sector scanner, better results can be expected for this ligament.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Durch einen Vergleich mit den Befunden der MRT sollte die Aussagekraft der hochauflösenden 13-MHz-Sonographie in der Diagnostik von akuten Verletzungen des Außenbandapparates des Sprunggelenkes und der Syndesmose überprüft werden. Methodik: 64 akut verletzte Patienten wurden prospektiv mit einem mechanischen 13-MHz-Sektorscanner untersucht. Zur Beurteilung des Lig. tibiofibulare anterius wurde ergänzend ein 15-MHz-Sektorscanner verwendet. Alle MRT wurden an einem 0,2-Tesla-Niederfeldgerät durchgeführt. In unterschiedlichen schräg axialen Schichtkippungen wurden T1-gewichtete SE-Sequenzen (TR 580 ms, TE 24 ms) und T2-gewichtete SE-Sequenzen (TR 3000 ms, TE 80 ms) angefertigt. Ergebnisse: Bei der Differenzierung intakter und verletzter Bänder stimmten die Befunde der Sonographie und MRT in 95.3% für das Lig. fibulotalare anterius, 88.3% für das Lig. fibulocalcaneare und 85% für das Lig. tibiofibulare anterius überein. Schlußfolgerung: Bei Einsatz eines hochauflösenden 13-MHz-Sektorscanners lassen sich Bandrupturen des Lig. fibulotalare anterius und Lig. fibulocalcaneare sonographisch gut darstellen lassen. Die Beurteilung des Lig. tibiofibulare anterius gestaltet sich schwieriger, doch dürfte sich mit zunehmender Erfahrung des Untersuchers und durch Einsatz eines 15-MHz-Scanner die Sensitivität noch verbessern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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