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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 828-835 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Superficial glomeruli ; Preglomerular O2-shuntdiffusion ; Renal medulla ; Renal cortex ; Acute renal failure ; O2-microelectrodes ; Oberflächliche Glomeruli ; präglomeruläre O2-Shuntdiffusion ; Nierenmark ; Nierenrinde ; akutes Nierenversagen ; O2-Mikroelektroden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine ausgeprägte Sauerstoffshuntdiffusion in den Gefäßbündeln des Nierenmarks ist der Preis für die Fähigkeit der Mammalianiere einen konzentrierten Urin auszuscheiden. Die Ausstattung des dicken aufsteigenden Teils der Henleschen Schleife (TAL-Segment) im äußeren Nierenmark mit Enzymen der anaeroben Glykolyse macht es möglich, Phasen des Sauerstoffmangels zu überbrücken bei einer Sauerstoffausschöpfung, die mit 80% des angebotenen Sauerstoffs ungewöhnlich hoch liegt. Bei gezielter Reduktion der Sauerstoffkapazität an der isoliert perfundierten Niere (zellfreies Perfusat) kommt es zu typischen Schädigungsmustern von TAL-Segmenten. Gefäßbündelnahe TAL-Segmente bleiben von Läsionen frei, weil sie von einer Radiärdiffusion aus den Gefäßbündeln profitieren. Der Grad der Schäden nimmt zum inneren Mark hin zu, entsprechend der fortlaufenden Reduktion der Sauerstoffdrucke, auch wenn das innere Mark selbst nicht betroffen ist. Die Zellen der TAL-Segmente schwellen im O2-Mangel an, wenn gleichzeitig Tubulusflüssigkeit einströmt und dadurch obligatorisch Transportenergie verbraucht wird. Erhöhung der O2-Kapazität (durch Erythrozyten-Zusatz) oder Blockade des Transports durch Furosemid verhindern morphologische Schäden. Eine entstandene Zellschwellung kann über eine Abflußbehinderung die Nierenmarkhypoxie in vivo verstärken. Überraschenderweise zeigt auch die Nierenrinde eine ausgeprägte, aber im Unterschied zum Nierenmarkpräglomeruläre Shuntdiffusion für Blutgase, so daß der PCO2 in der oberflächlichen Rindenschicht mit Werten von 60–65 mmHg um mehr als 20 Torr höher liegt als der PCO2 im Nierenvenenblut. Eigene, direkte Messungen von PO2 an einzelnen oberflächlichen Glomerula von MWF-Ratten zeigen in vivo im Mittel Werte von 42–46 mmHg bei einem systemischen arteriellen PO2 von 90 mmHg. Dies entspricht einer wesentlich höheren Entsättigung des Hb als sie im Blut der Nierenvene gefunden wird. Der Ort dieser in seiner Größe unerwarteten Shuntdiffusion ist am wahrscheinlichsten in den Interlobulargefäßen zu lokalisieren, wo dünnwandige Arterien und Venen mit einem kapillären Wandaufbau in direktem Kontakt zueinander stehen. Nach diesem Konzept liegt der PO2 der oberflächlichsten Rindenschicht niedrig und der PO2 der juxtamedullären Rindenschicht nahe am arteriellen Druck. Plasmaskimming modifiziert sowohl Sauerstoffdruck als auch O2-Kapazität in den verschiedenen Rindenschichten. Diese Befunde könnten erklären, warum proximale Tubuli in der Nierenrinde — die nur wenig Enzymaktivität zur anaeroben Glykolyse haben im Vergleich zu TAL-Segmenten — unter der Bedingung von Ischämie oder Hypoxie sehr schnell geschädigt werden, wenn Transport- oder Bedarfsenergie aerob nicht gedeckt werden kann. Dies wird insbesondere in Sauerstoffmangelarealen des Außenstreifens des äußeren Marks deutlich, wo im Interbündelareal besonders P3-Segmente — viel weniger aber TAL-Segmente Schäden zeigen. Dies könnte auch erklären, daß die Produktion von Erythropoietin in der Nierenrinde lokalisiert ist und hier Sauerstoffmangel auch gut registriert werden kann. Die Vorstellung einer Luxusversorgung der Niere mit Sauerstoff kann man nicht mehr aufrechterhalten, dies gilt sowohl für das Nierenmark als auch für die Nierenrinde.
    Notes: Summary The ability to produce a concentrated urine is imposed by a uniquely low ambient oxygen pressure in the renal medulla due to shunt diffusion within the vascular bundles. As the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TAL-segment) is able to glycolyse anaerobically, a phase of oxygen deficiency may be bridgespanned. It allows an exceptionally high oxygen extraction of 80% in this area. If oxygen capacity is reduced systematically, which can be effected in the isolated kidney model by using cell free perfusate, a typical pattern of lesions occur in TAL-segments. Segments near vascular bundles remain intact, as they take advantage from a radial oxygen diffusion originating from vascular bundles. The extent of lesions is increasing directed to the inner medulla due to the reduction of oxygen pressure, whereas lesions are not present in the inner medulla itself. Cells of TAL-segments are swelling during oxygen deficiency, when transport work surpasses the available energy necessary due to the luminal fluid inflow. Lesions could be prevented, when oxygen capacity was enhanced by adding erythrocytes or when transport was blocked by furosemide. Swollen cells in TAL-segments however are able to aggravate medullary hypoxia by an outflow block in vivo. Secondly, it can be demonstrated, that oxygen shunt diffusion is not only present in renal medulla but also within renal cortex especially as a preglomerular diffusion shunt for blood gases. Thus PCO2 has been measured to be 65 mmHg in the outermost cortical zone and thereby some 20 mmHg higher than renal venous blood. Our own measurements of the PO2 at superficial glomeruli in vivo using MWF-rats demonstrate values as low as 42–46 mmHg at average and a simultaneously measured arterial PO2 of 90 mmHg in systemic blood. This represents a markedly higher desaturation of hemoglobin than found in renal venous blood. This unexpected high preglomerular shuntdiffusion is likely localized within interlobular vessels, where thinwalled arteries and veins exhibiting the wall structure of capillaries are generally in close contact. Following this concept, PO2 of the superficial cortical zone is low and the PO2 of the juxtamedullary cortical zone is not far from arterial PO2. Plasmaskimming may modify O2-pressure as well as O2-capacity within the different cortical zones. These results may explain, why proximal tubules within the renal cortex — which exhibit a low enzymatic activity to glycolyse anaerobically compared to TAL-segments — develop lesions very rapidly under ischemic or hypoxic conditions or when the demand of energy for transport work cannot be produced aerobically. This becomes evident especially within areas of oxygen deficiency at the outer stripe of outer medulla, where predominantly P3-segments in the interbundle area are involved however much less TAL-segments. This may also explain, that the production of erythropoietin is localized within the renal cortex and outer stripe of outer medulla, as oxygen deficiency can be measured effectively in this area. The common error, that oxygen supply of the kidney is abundant, must be revised: it is at the brink of oxygen deficiency in the case of renal medulla and at shortage also for renal cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 1197-1201 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Hypoxia ; oxygen sensing ; erythropoietin ; isolated kidneys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin (EPO) counteracts tissue hypoxia by increasing the systemic oxygen-carrying capacity. It induces augmentation of red blood cell mass by stimulating the formation and differentiation of erythroid precursor cells in the bone marrow. EPO production is increased under various forms of diminished oxygen supply such as anemic or hypoxic hypoxia. In the adult organism, the kidneys are the major source of EPO. The precise nature of the cells responsible for renal EPO production, however, has not yet been elucidated. Most likely, peritubular cortical cells, e.g. interstitial or endothelial cells, are involved in the elaboration of the hormone. From the observation that isolated perfused rat kidneys produce EPO in an oxygen-dependent fashion we conclude that the ‘oxygen sensor’ that controls hypoxia-induced EPO synthesis is located in the kidney itself. Within the kidneys, the local venous oxygen tension which reflects the ratio of oxygen supply to oxygen consumption is measured and transformed into a signal that regulates the formation of EPO. However, the mechanism by which a decrease of oxygen delivery to the kidneys is linked to an enhanced EPO gene expression is not yet known. Two possible mechanisms of regulation are discussed: First, renal hypoxia could lead to enhanced formation of metabolic mediators, for example prostaglandins or adenosine, which might stimulate EPO gene transcription by increasing cellular levels of second messenger molecules. Second, some kind of molecular ‘oxygen receptor’ such as a heme protein, that controls EPO formation by an oxygen-dependent conformational change, could mediate signal transduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Isolated Rat Kidney ; Electrolyte Transport ; Substrate Dependeney ; Gas Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have attempt to define experimental conditions which would overcome or minimize some of the well known functional limitations of isolated single pass kidney preparations. Rat kidneys were perfused with a Krebs-Henseleit solution containing the gelatine derivative Haemaccel as colloid. Perfusion was initiated in situ via the mesenteric artery. Arterial flow rate was measured continously from the very onset of perfusion. Effective perfusion pressure was recorded distal to the perfusion capillary in the aorta. Aliquots of the venous effluate and of an arterial bypass solution were drawn through an O2 electrode for the calculation of $$Q_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ . First it was shown that the often observed initial vasoconstriction of the preparation which occurs immediately after cannulation of the kidney can be eliminated by rapid disconnection of the autonomic nerve supply. A more delayed gradual increase of renal resistance, which we observed after 30 min could be prevented by using sterile perfusion solutions. Using glucose as the only substrate fuel, fractional Na-reabsorption decreased to 65% 3 hrs after the onset of perfusion (T Na=27.3 μEq/g·min). When a substrate enriched sterile solution was used containing pyruvate, lactate, oxaloacetate, and glutamate, Na conservation of the isolated kidney could be maintained at a higher level. Fractional Na-reabsorption levelled off and was still 88% after 3 hrs (T Na=64.4 μEq/g·min). The results demonstrate that the transport function of the isolated kidney preparation critically depends on the supply with substrate hydrogen. Thus, the present system meets the basic reqirements necessary for further micropuncture evaluation of renal function under the condition of isolated single pass perfusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Isolated perfused kidney ; Radioimmunoassay ; Hypoxia ; Renal oxygen sensing ; cAMP ; cGMP ; Calmodulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this study we have investigated the role of oxygen delivery and of classic second messengers on erythropoietin production by the isolated perfused rat kidney. We found that the rat kidney was capable of de novo synthesis of erythropoietin. The erythropoietin production rate was inversely related to the oxygen pressure in the perfusate and increased from 0.17 to 1.85 U erythropoietin h−1 g kidney−1 when arterial PO2 was lowered from 500 mmHg to 30 mmHg. Addition of forskolin (10 μM) and 8-bromo-cGMP (100 μM) to the perfusate elicited significant effects on the renal vascular resistance, but had no significant effect on erythropoietin production. Hypoxia-induced erythropoietin formation, however, was blocked by calmidazolium (1 μM) and W-7 (10 μM), two structurally different putative calmodulin antagonists. Calmidazolium and W-7 had no effect on other functional parameters of the isolated perfused rat kidney such as flow rate, glomerular filtration rate or sodium reabsorption. Our findings suggest that the oxygen-sensing mechanism that controls renal erythropoietin production is primarily located in the kidney itself. A calcium/calmodulin-dependent cellular reaction could be involved in the signal transduction process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 60 (1987), S. 370-375 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Metallothinein ; Renal uptake ; Isolated perfused rat kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The isolated kidney perfusion model was used to study the uptake of Cd and metallothionein (MT)-complexed Cd. Cd2+ at concentrations above 40 nM strongly depressed the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), whereas MT-complexed Cd (Cd-MT) at concentrations of 0.8–920 nM had no effect on the GFR. In contrast to Cd2+, Cd-MT was readily reabsorbed by the kidney and uptake saturation for Cd-MT occured at 240 nM. The maximal transport rate for Cd-MT calculated in this study was 18 pmoles Cd-MT· g−1·min−1. The accumulation of Cd in the kidney was more efficient in the experiment using Cd-MT, in which case the Cd kidney contents were about 2–4 times higher than compared to CdCl2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Proteinuria ; Tubular disease ; Microgradientgel electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to estimate the degree of tubular lesions and to detect a possible glomerular involvement, proteinuria was studied in tubular and/or interstitial nephropathies by determination of total protein and beta-2 microglobulin and by micro-gradientgel electrophoresis. The excretion of albumin, low molecular weight proteins (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) proteins was measured in addition. Other proximal tubulus functions such as glucose and phosphate reabsorption were also measured. The clinical entities studied were: chronic postinfectious nephritis, patients with nephropathy following analgesic abuse, tubular glucosuria in pregnancy and cis-platinum treated patients suffering from testicular tumor. The results were interpreted basing on the “selectivity” or urinary protein patterns, which means the relation between LMW and HMW proteins. Micro-gradientgel electrophoresis proved to be a fast and sensitive tool for quantitative as well as qualitative analysis of albumin, LMW and HMW proteins. All patients with advanced tubulo-interstitial disease excreted increased amounts of LMW proteins. The excretion of beta-2 microglobulin was also high and correlated with the LMW protein excretion. The albumin and HMW protein excretion showed no relation to LMW proteins. The disproportionate increase of LMW protein excretion on the one hand and albumin and HMW protein excretion on the other suggests different reabsorption mechanisms. The tubular patterns originate from a more easily disturbed reabsorption of LMW proteins and/or from a normally more active reabsorption of LMW proteins. Except in renal glucosuria phosphate and glucose excretion were not increased. This means that the capacity for the reabsorption of glucose and phosphate copes with a normal filtered load even in patients with highly increased proteinuria of a tubular type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 57 (1979), S. 1069-1079 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Proteinurie ; Glomeruläre Funktion ; Niere ; Proteinausscheidung der Niere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Albumin Charge selectivity Glomerular charge density Glomerular permselectivity Isolated kidney Protamine Proteinuria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The charge-related determinants of albumin permeability are the subject of controversial discussion. To study this question we have developed an isolated perfused rat kidney model in which metabolic processes are eliminated by perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde. The fixed kidneys were perfused with albumin solutions using the following approaches: 1. Modification of the charge of both the glomerular capillary wall (GCW) and albumin using different buffer systems in a pH range spanning the isoelectric points of albumin and the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), the extracellular matrix of the GCW. 2. Modification of the charge of the GCW by perfusing the isolated kidney with cations either before or after fixation. 3. Modification of the charge of albumin by cationization.In the model, the inulin "urine" to perfusate ratio was one. This shows that the tubules have no metabolic activity, that the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is equal to "urine" flow rate and that the "urine" collected is identical to the ultrafiltrate. Therefore, sieving coefficients in this model can simply be calculated as the ratio between "urine" and perfusate protein concentrations. We could show that: 1. pH has a significant effect on the albumin sieving coefficient: it was maximally increased at pH 4.0 [(70.3±15.9)×10-3, n=10 versus (8.7±3.7)×10-3, n=11, at pH 7.4]. Only a pH as low as 4.0 should lead to a pronounced neutralization of the anionic charges of albumin and the GBM; the charge density of the GCW calculated with these data is 43 mEq/l at pH 7.4. 2. Modifying the ionic composition of the GCW with protamine before fixation with glutaraldehyde causes a bigger increase in the glomerular permeability for albumin [(51.2±22.5)×10-3, n=10, glomerular charge density 21 mEq/l] than modifying the albumin charge by cationization. 3. Modifying the albumin charge by cationization increases the glomerular permeability for albumin [(20.0±6.7)×10-3, n=8].These findings support the hypothesis that at the onset of proteinuria changes in the charge and configuration of the GCW could be more important pathogenetic factors than changes in the charge of serum-derived proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Sex dependent proteinuria ; Micro-disc electrophoresis ; Micropuncture technique ; Isolated perfused rat kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The separation of sex dependent urinary proteins of the rat (SDP) by micro-disc electrophoresis results in at least eight well defined protein bands with differing molecular weights. The hepatic origin of a sex dependent urinary protein, named α2u-globulin, has been demonstrated before by other authors applying immunological methods. In the present study, it could been shown that SDP circulate in the plasma at a concentration of 23.8 mg/l. The origin of those protein bands which appear typically upon electrophoresis was still under dispute because they could not been demonstrated in proximal tubular fluid. The present study confirms the extrarenal source of SDP and suggests identity with α2u-globulin. The attempt to track down SDP from plasma to excreted urine demonstrated that, in contrast to proximal fluid, samples from nephron parts distal to the loop of Henle contain large amounts of SDP. An isolated kidney model was used to determine the sieving coefficient and tubular reabsorption of SDP, obtained from male rat urine. We have found a correlation between the sieving coefficient and the molecular weight of SDP. The sieving coefficient ranged from 0.375 to 0.834. The tubular reabsorption which has been determined with an isolated kidney perfused with albumin and erythrocytes also showed variation with regard to molecular weight and was 61.7%, on average.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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