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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 298 (1982), S. 659-660 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Evidence for dietary precursor(s) was first obtained by changing the diet given to adult rats from commercial pellets to a semisynthetic diet, D7 (ref. 10), which resulted in a marked and rapid decrease in the excretion of mammlian lignans in urine (Fig. 1). When the diet was reverted to commercial ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 43 (1992), S. 283-288 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Amoxicillin ; bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, intestinal absorption ; intestinal absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Specialised gastrointestinal absorption of amoxicillin has been suggested in man and has been demonstrated in animals. In order to study the rate and extent of amoxicillin absorption, six healthy subjects were given 500 mg IV and two oral doses (500 mg and 3 g as a suspension). Absorption kinetics was analysed by compartmental modelling, noncompartmental methods and by calculation of absorption rates using deconvolution. Dose-dependency of the extent of amoxicillin absorption was observed, with a lower than expected mean maximum plasma concentration (49%), and fraction of the dose absorbed (39%) after the 3 g dose calculated from the 500 mg dose, assuming kinetic linearity. Zero-order kinetics of absorption was apparent in some subjects after the 500 mg dose, both from model fitting and absorption rate profile. However, no pattern consistent with pure first-order or zero-order absorption was observed after both oral doses in any individual. The dose-dependency of amoxicillin absorption was confirmed by a trend to an increased time of absorption for the high dose. The results show the variable nature and nonlinearity of the gastrointestinal absorption of amoxicillin and indicate the involvement of a number of factors, in addition to simple diffusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 43 (1992), S. 277-281 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Amoxicilin, Ileostomy ; bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, intestinal absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Amoxicillin was given as single doses of 375, 700, 1500, 3000 and 6000 mg an oral suspension to four volunteers with an ileostomy and with no active intestinal disease after an overnight fast. The excretion of amoxicillin and its penicilloic acid was followed in samples taken from the ileostomy and in urine produced over 6 h. Beta-lactamase activity was measured in ileal fluid and none was found. The percentage of the dose recovered from the ileostomy increased successively from 8% at the lowest dose to 77% at the highest dose. A complementary excretion pattern of amoxicillin was found in the urine, amounting to 70 % recovery at the lowest dose to 23 % at the highest dose. The results confirm the dose-dependence of the absorption of amoxicillin, which could at least in part be due to specialised absorption of this drug in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Age-factors ; Clinical trial methods ; Drug evaluation ; Paediatrics ; taste
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate two essentially different methods of assessing differences in children's taste preferences with regard to five different paediatric penicillin formulations. The study was performed with a parallel group design comparing five groups. A taste evaluation was recorded in 103 children with upper respiratory tract infections after a single therapeutic test dose. First the patient's own spontaneous verbal judgement was recorded then a judgement was arrived at using a hedonic scale of facial expressions. Both judgements were passed immediately and also 3–4 minutes after the test dose. In the children who were 6 years of age or younger, a better discrimination of taste differences between formulations was achieved by using the patients' own spontaneous verbal judgements instead of the facial hedonic method. Both methods seem appropriate in older children, but the hedonic scale is preferable since its use implies a more standardised procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 29 (1985), S. 495-502 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ampicillin ; amoxycillin ; bacampicillin ; cyclacillin ; ora absorption ; saturable transport system ; renal clearance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relative bioavailabilities of single oral doses of ampicillin, amoxycillin, and bacampicillin were compared with and without concomitant administration of a six-times higher molar dose of cyclacillin. As the absorption of cyclacillin has been shown to involve a capacity-limited transport system in animals, it was selected as the reference compound for the study. The treatments were given to 14 fasting volunteers using a randomized, complete crossover design. The drugs in plasma and urine were determined by liquid chromatography. Renal clearance was 17%, 10% and 19% lower when ampicillin, amoxycillin, and bacampicillin were given together with cyclacillin. Consequently, differences in the relative bioavailability were based on urinary recoveries assuming constant non-renal clearance. When amoxycillin was given with cyclacillin there was a 67% delay in the time of the plasma peak concentration, and an 8% lower urinary recovery than when it was given alone. There was a 50% and 33% delay in the tmax of ampicillin and bacampicillin when combined with cyclacillin; the urinary recovery of ampicillin in the combination was 10% lower but that of bacampicillin was similar. There was also a 20% delay in the tmax of cyclacillin when combined with amoxycillin. The differences in renal clearance indicate an interaction in the renal elimination of the drugs, but the effect was probably not the explanation for the marked shift in time of the absorption of these rapidly absorbed drugs. The results support the existence of a capacity-limited transport system for aminopenicillins in the human gut.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Infection 6 (1978), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ampicillin wird aufgrund seiner unvollständigen oralen Resorption oft in hohen Dosen verwendet. Das Ziel der Studie war, die Bioverfügbarkeit von Bacampicillin, einem neuen Ester von Ampicillin, das fast vollständig resorbiert wird, mit der von Ampicillin in hohen oralen Dosen zu vergleichen. Orale Einzeldosen von 400 mg und 800 mg Bacampicillin und von 500 mg, 1 g und 2 g Ampicillin wurden an 12 männliche Versuchspersonen nach Fasten über Nacht im cross-over Verfahren verabreicht. Von der Einnahme von 400 mg bzw. 800 mg Bacampicillin bis zum Erreichen maximaler Serumspiegel vergingen im Mittel 0,75 bzw. 1,0 Stunden, bei Ampicillin in Dosen von 500 mg, 1 g und 2 g betrugen die Zeitintervalle im Mittel 1,5, 2,0 und 1,5 Stunden. Der Mittelwert der individuellen maximalen Serumspiegel betrug nach 400 mg Bacampicillin 7,7 mg/l, er war höher als nach 500 mg Ampicillin (5,2 mg/l) und entsprach etwa der mittleren maximalen Serumkonzentration von Ampicillin nach oraler Einzeldosis von 1 g (7,6 mg/l). Die maximalen Serumspiegel stiegen nach Einzeldosen von 800 mg Bacampicillin im Durchschnitt auf 12,2 mg/l, etwas höher also als der Mittelwert nach Gabe von 2 g Ampicillin, 10,5 mg/l. Bacampicillin wurde schneller resorbiert als Ampicillin, eine Resorptionsrate von 90% wurde bereits nach einer Stunde erreicht, bei Ampicillin erst nach zweieinhalb Stunden. Die relative Bioverfügbarkeit von Bacampicillin war 2–3mal größer als die von Ampicillin. Die gefundenen Daten deuten auf eine Dosis-abhängige veränderte Resorption von oralem Ampicillin in hohen Dosen hin, da die Vergrößerung der Fläche unter der Serumkonzentrationskurve geringer als proportional zur Dosis erfolgt. Es verändert sich also die Dosis-Absorptions-Relation. Die Urin-recovery betrug bei Bacampicillin 68–75%, bei Ampicillin 25–41%. Höhere Dosen ergaben eine niedrigere prozentuale recovery, dieses Phänomen war bei Ampicillin stärker ausgeprägt.
    Notes: Summary Ampicillin is often used in high oral doses due to its incomplete absorption. The objective of this study was to compare the bioavailability of bacampicillin, a new prodrug of ampicillin which is nearly completely absorbed, to that of high doses of oral ampicillin. Single oral doses of bacampicillin 400 mg or 800 mg and ampicillin 500 mg, 1 g, or 2 g were given to 12 male subjects according to a cross-over design after overnight fasting. The median time after administration till the peak serum level was 0.75 and 1.0 hour with bacampicillin 400 mg and 800 mg respectively, as compared to 1.5, 2.0 and 1.5 hours for the ampicillin doses. The mean of the individual peak serum level after bacampicillin 400 mg, was 7.7 mg/l, which is higher than that after ampicillin 500 mg, 5.2 mg/l, and about the same as that after ampicillin 1 g, 7.6 mg/l. A slightly higher mean peak level was seen after bacampicillin 800 mg, 12.2 mg/l, as compared to ampicillin 2 g, 10.5 mg/l. The absorption rate was highest with bacampicillin, for which 90% of the absorption had occurred 1 hour after administration as compared to 2.5 hours after administration of ampicillin. The relative bioavailability was about 2–3 times higher after bacampicillin as compared to ampicillin. The data imply dose-dependent absorption of oral ampicillin in high doses as there seems to be a less than proportional increase in AUC. The urinary recovery after bacampicillin was 68–75% as compared to 25–41% after ampicillin. Higher doses gave a lower percentage recovery and this phenomenon was more pronounced with ampicillin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Infection 7 (1979), S. S458 
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Konzentration eines Antibiotikums in einem Infektionsherd hängt sowohl von der Serumspitzenkonzentration als auch von der Fläche unter der Serum Konzentrations-Zeitkurve (AUC) ab. Die Kenntnis der Beziehung zwischen Dosiserhöhung und dem folgenden Verhalten der Serumkonzentration wäre entscheidend als Basis für die Festlegung einer angemessenen klinischen Dosierung. Dosis-abhängige Veränderungen in den beiden pharmakokinetischen Variablen, der Serum Spitzenkonzentration und der AUC nach Einzeldosen Bacampicillin werden mit Daten von verschiedenen Aminopenicillinen aus anderen Studien verglichen. Bei Ampicillin besteht eine nicht-lineare Beziehung zwischen Dosis und Spitzenspiegel und Dosis und AUC. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die schlechte Absorption von oralem Ampicillin nur teilweise durch Erhöhung der oralen Dosis kompensiert werden kann. Bei Amoxycillin und den Ampicillin Estern hingegen ist die absorbierte Menge (AUC) eine lineare Funktion der Dosis im untersuchten Dosierungsbereich. Die Erhöhung des Serumspitzenspiegels mit hohen Dosen oralem Ampicillin ist wesentlich geringer als proportional, bei Amoxycillin ist diese Tendenz weniger und bei Pivampicillin, Talampicillin und Bacampicillin entschieden weniger ausgeprägt.
    Notes: Summary The concentration of antibiotic in a focus of infection depends both on the peak serum concentration and on the area under the serum concentration time curve (AUC). A knowledge of the relationship between increased doses and the corresponding response in serum concentration would be relevant as a basis for determining an adequate clinical dosage. Dose-related changes in the two pharmacokinetic variables, peak serum concentration and AUC, after single doses of bacampicillin are compared with data on different aminopenicillins from other studies. With ampicillin there is a nonlinear relationship between both dose-peak and dose-AUC. The results indicate that the poor absorption of oral ampicillin can only be partially compensated for by increasing the oral dose. But with amoxycillin and the ampicillin esters the absorbed amount (AUC) is a linear function of the dose in the dosage range investigated. The increase in peak serum level with high doses of oral ampicillin is far less than proportional, while this tendency was less pronounced for amoxycillin and still less for pivampicillin, talampicillin and bacampicillin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A system for computer evaluation of gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses of unlabelled and polydeuterated compounds is described. The system has been in routine use for two years and has been found to fulfil most of the needs of the laboratory in connection with studies of steroid and bile acid metabolism. Complete or partial spectra are taken by repetitive magnetic scanning and are recorded on magnetic tape. Methods for qualitative evaluation have been described previously [6, 9]. Quantitative determinations of unlabelled compounds are based on areas of gas chromatographic peaks in selected specific fragment ion current chromatograms generated by the computer. Percentage distribution of molecular or fragment ion species containing 0–19 deuterium atoms is calculated from averaged spectra by comparison with spectra of the unlabelled reference compound analyzed on the same day. When small amounts of material are available and when ions occur in low abundance, repetitive accelerating voltage scanning over a short mass range is used. A slow scan rate, 1–5 s, and a high data sampling rate, 10 kHz, permit a 100–300 fold increase of amplification. After bunching of intensity readings, partial mass spectra are constructed which are treated in the same way as complete spectra.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 7 (1993), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Negative-ion fast-atom bombardment mass spectra of free and conjugated bile acids are dominated by [M — H]- pseudomolecularions. Collision-induced dissociations of these pseudomolecular ions give charge-remote fragmentation patterns which are useful for structural identification. Taurine (2-aminoethanesulrtionic acid)-conjugated bile acids have a high cross-section for charge-remote fragmentation, and give the most informative and intense spectra among the naturally occurring bile acids. In the present study, collision-induced dissociation spectra of bile acids derivatized with different aliphatic and aromatic aminosulphonates, and with 2-amlnoethyl hydrogen sulphate have been compared. All show charge-remote fragmentation patterns. Determination of the intensities of the fragment ions shows that the highest sensitivity is usually obtained with aromatic aininosulpho-nate derivatives.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A fused-silica capillary high-performance liquid chromatography column (i.d. 0.25 mm) packed with octadecylsilane-bonded silica has been used on-line with continuous-flow negative-ion fast-atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry for the separation and structural analysis of series of fatty acids and arachidonic acid metabolites derivatized with 4-aminobenzenesulphonic acid. Negative-ion FAB spectra of the derivatized lipids showed strong [M—H]- pseudomolecular ions. Collision-induced dissociation of these anions produced structurally informative daughter ions, arising from charge-remote fragmentations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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