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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nitrazepam ; epilepsy ; age ; disease ; plasma concentration ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma concentrations of nitrazepam were measured by gas-liquid chromatography in: young healthy volunteers, in geriatric and psychiatric patients and in epileptic children. The disposition of nitrazepam was described in terms of a two-compartment open model. After a single oral dose of nitrazepam 5 mg the most prominent differences between the experimental groups were in the β-phase half-life-mean 29 h in the young volunteers and 40 h in geriatric patients, and in the apparent volume of distribution during the β-phase of 2.4 vs 4.8 l/kg. Total plasma clearance and the average steady state concentration in both groups were equal. The plasma level rose at a rate proportional to the β-phase half-life, and so, they were achieved more rapidly in the young than in the old subjects (3.5 vs 7.5 d). No change in steady-state level or in the half-life of nitrazepam were found during long term treatment, which indicates lack of enzyme induction or inhibition. In 95% of the epileptic children with a good to fair clinical response, the plasma concentration of nitrazepam was 40–180 ng/ml (mean 114 ng/ml). As all of the patients were on combined antiepileptic therapy, no attempt was made to correlate plasma level with therapeutic response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 40 (1977), S. 221-226 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: growth hormone ; schizophrenia ; sleep ; antipsychotic agents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten schizophrenic and five epileptic patients under antipsychotic drug treatment were studied to evaluate sleep-related GH secretion. Four of the schizophrenic patients had a high secretion peak of GH (range 15.2 to 38.0 ng/ml), four had a moderate peak (range 5.8–8.3 ng/ml), while two had no increase in GH secretion during sleep (range 0.5–1.0 ng/ml). Four of the five epileptic patients had a moderately increased secretion (range 5.8–9.2 ng/ml) and one had no increase in GH secretion during sleep. Thus, the GH secretory pattern varied with the patient as in known to be aiso with healthy individuals. However, no clear disturbances were noted in sleep-related GH secretion in schizophrenic patients receiving antipsychotic drug treatment, when comparede.g. to non-schizophrenic, epileptic patients under a same kind of drug treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 64 (1979), S. 251-253 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Prolactin ; Dopamine ; Serotonin ; Zimelidine ; Depression ; Human subjects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The levels of serum prolactin were studied both after an acute intake of zimelidine and during a treatment period of 3–7 weeks. No significant changes in basal serum prolactin levels were seen after single oral doses of zimelidine (100 mg) in healthy volunteers during an investigation period of 12 h. Serum prolactin concentrations remained well within the pretreatment levels also during a continuous treatment of depressive patients with zimelidine up to 150 mg orally b.i.d. It is concluded that clinical doses of the selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor zimelidine does not exert any significant effect on serum prolactin levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Citalopram ; Fluoxetine ; Imipramine ; Antidepressants ; Serotonin 5-HT2C receptor ; Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Interactions of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) citalopram, fluoxetine and its main metabolite norfluoxetine, and the tricyclic anti-depressant (TCA) imipramine with the rat serotonin 5-HT2C receptor in a clonal cell line and in the rat choroid plexus were investigated by radioligand binding and phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis assays. For comparison, the affinities of a variety of other antidepressants of different chemical classes for the cloned rat 5-HT2C and 5-HT2A receptors were also determined by radioligand binding assays. Fluoxetine displayed relatively high affinity for the 5-HT2C receptor in the choroid plexus, with a Ki value for inhibition of [3H]mesulergine binding of 55.4 nM. The Ki values for imipramine, norfluoxetine and citalopram were 136 nM, 203 nM, and 298 nM, respectively. Similar rank order of potency was detected in PI hydrolysis assays, which showed that these drugs are antagonists at the 5-HT2C receptor without exhibiting inverse agonist activity. [3H]Ketanserin (5-HT2A) binding assays revealed that the SSRIs fluoxetine, norfluoxetine and citalopram show 10- to 23-fold selectivity for the 5-HT2C receptor in vitro, whereas the TCA imipramine does not. Many other TCAs also had high to intermediate affinity for both 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. The present data provide evidence that fluoxetine, norfluoxetine and citalopram, along with many other antidepressant compounds, interact directly with the 5-HT2C receptor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Positron emission tomography ; Dopamine ; Serotonin ; Raclopride ; Interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The modulating effect of serotonergic drugs on the striatal dopamine neurotransmission has remained controversial, and there are no published data on serotonin-dopamine interaction obtained from living human brain. Citalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor widely used in the treatment of depression (20–40 mg/day). We measured the effects of acute (20 mg, per os) and chronic (20 mg/day for 14 days) doses of citalopram and placebo intake on [11C]-raclopride binding to striatal D2-receptors in eight healthy volunteers by using positron emission tomography. Although the effect magnitude was not large, the results indicate that chronic citalopram intake slightly decreases the raclopride binding which may reflect increased dopamine release in the striatum. In addition, after 14 days there was a high correlation between the citalopam plasma levels and the decrease in the [11C]-raclopride binding in both the caudate and the putamen, although statistically significant effect in the raclopride binding potential was more pronounced in the putamen. This report suggests functional interaction of brain dopaminergic and serotonergic systems in vivo in man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: SCH 23390 ; SCH 39166 ; D1 dopamine receptor ; Antagonist ; Pharmacokinetics ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A gas chromatographic method for measuring concentrations of a novel D1 antagonist SCH 39166 [(−)-trans-6,7,7a,8,9,13b-hexahydro-3-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-methyl-5-H-benzo[d]naphto(2,1–6)azepine] in rat brain and plasma was developed. The method was applied to descriptive pharmacokinetics of two subcutaneous doses of SCH 39166 (0.25 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg). For comparison, concentrations of the “prototype” D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (0.25 mg/kg, SC) [R-(+)-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1-H-3-benzazepine] were also measured in plasma and brain. SCH 23390 (0.25 mg/kg, SC) had a very short elimination half-life of about 30 min in plasma, and disappeared in a slightly slower manner from striatum and cortex. SCH 39166 (0.25 and 2.5 mg/kg, SC), however, had a longer elimination half-life of about 1.5–2.5 h in plasma and brain. Interestingly, the 2.5 mg/kg dose of SCH 39166 produced only two-to five-fold increases in maximum concentrations in plasma and brain compared to the 0.25 mg/kg dose. The reason for this is not clear. The ability of these two doses of SCH 39166 to induce catalepsy in the bar test was also evaluated. It was found that SCH 39166 in these two doses, unlike SCH 23390, was not cataleptic. In conclusion, these pharmacokinetic features of SCH 39166 in the rat should be useful when designing experiments with this novel selective D1 antagonist. Furthermore, the longer elimination half-life of SCH 39166 makes it a more useful probe in pharmacodynamic comparisons of D1 receptor antagonists and classical as well as atypical neuroleptics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Infection 6 (1978), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ampicillin wird aufgrund seiner unvollständigen oralen Resorption oft in hohen Dosen verwendet. Das Ziel der Studie war, die Bioverfügbarkeit von Bacampicillin, einem neuen Ester von Ampicillin, das fast vollständig resorbiert wird, mit der von Ampicillin in hohen oralen Dosen zu vergleichen. Orale Einzeldosen von 400 mg und 800 mg Bacampicillin und von 500 mg, 1 g und 2 g Ampicillin wurden an 12 männliche Versuchspersonen nach Fasten über Nacht im cross-over Verfahren verabreicht. Von der Einnahme von 400 mg bzw. 800 mg Bacampicillin bis zum Erreichen maximaler Serumspiegel vergingen im Mittel 0,75 bzw. 1,0 Stunden, bei Ampicillin in Dosen von 500 mg, 1 g und 2 g betrugen die Zeitintervalle im Mittel 1,5, 2,0 und 1,5 Stunden. Der Mittelwert der individuellen maximalen Serumspiegel betrug nach 400 mg Bacampicillin 7,7 mg/l, er war höher als nach 500 mg Ampicillin (5,2 mg/l) und entsprach etwa der mittleren maximalen Serumkonzentration von Ampicillin nach oraler Einzeldosis von 1 g (7,6 mg/l). Die maximalen Serumspiegel stiegen nach Einzeldosen von 800 mg Bacampicillin im Durchschnitt auf 12,2 mg/l, etwas höher also als der Mittelwert nach Gabe von 2 g Ampicillin, 10,5 mg/l. Bacampicillin wurde schneller resorbiert als Ampicillin, eine Resorptionsrate von 90% wurde bereits nach einer Stunde erreicht, bei Ampicillin erst nach zweieinhalb Stunden. Die relative Bioverfügbarkeit von Bacampicillin war 2–3mal größer als die von Ampicillin. Die gefundenen Daten deuten auf eine Dosis-abhängige veränderte Resorption von oralem Ampicillin in hohen Dosen hin, da die Vergrößerung der Fläche unter der Serumkonzentrationskurve geringer als proportional zur Dosis erfolgt. Es verändert sich also die Dosis-Absorptions-Relation. Die Urin-recovery betrug bei Bacampicillin 68–75%, bei Ampicillin 25–41%. Höhere Dosen ergaben eine niedrigere prozentuale recovery, dieses Phänomen war bei Ampicillin stärker ausgeprägt.
    Notes: Summary Ampicillin is often used in high oral doses due to its incomplete absorption. The objective of this study was to compare the bioavailability of bacampicillin, a new prodrug of ampicillin which is nearly completely absorbed, to that of high doses of oral ampicillin. Single oral doses of bacampicillin 400 mg or 800 mg and ampicillin 500 mg, 1 g, or 2 g were given to 12 male subjects according to a cross-over design after overnight fasting. The median time after administration till the peak serum level was 0.75 and 1.0 hour with bacampicillin 400 mg and 800 mg respectively, as compared to 1.5, 2.0 and 1.5 hours for the ampicillin doses. The mean of the individual peak serum level after bacampicillin 400 mg, was 7.7 mg/l, which is higher than that after ampicillin 500 mg, 5.2 mg/l, and about the same as that after ampicillin 1 g, 7.6 mg/l. A slightly higher mean peak level was seen after bacampicillin 800 mg, 12.2 mg/l, as compared to ampicillin 2 g, 10.5 mg/l. The absorption rate was highest with bacampicillin, for which 90% of the absorption had occurred 1 hour after administration as compared to 2.5 hours after administration of ampicillin. The relative bioavailability was about 2–3 times higher after bacampicillin as compared to ampicillin. The data imply dose-dependent absorption of oral ampicillin in high doses as there seems to be a less than proportional increase in AUC. The urinary recovery after bacampicillin was 68–75% as compared to 25–41% after ampicillin. Higher doses gave a lower percentage recovery and this phenomenon was more pronounced with ampicillin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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