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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of pentachlorophenol in forest soil: a microcosm experiment for testing ecosystem responses to anthropogenic stress (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 182-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Anthropogenic stress ; Soil communities ; Decomposition ; Plant growth ; Microcosms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the structure and function of a soil decomposer community and growth of birch (Betula pendula) due to chemical contamination were studied in laboratory microcosms. Sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP) was added to the humus layer of a simulated forest soil at three nominal concentrations (0, 50 and 500 mg kg–1 dry mass). After two growing periods (48 weeks), there were more small soft-bodied mites, but less collembolans and microbial biomass, in the higher PCP concentration treatment than in the other treatments. Number of enchytraeids were significantly reduced and fungal-feeding nematodes became extinct in the soil with the higher PCP concentration. Soil respiration did not change due to PCP contamination. Diversity of soil fauna tended to decrease with increasing PCP concentration. Number of faunal taxa were not influenced by PCP. Mainly due to reduction of enchytraeids, total animal biomass was significantly lower in the higher PCP concentration treatment than in the other treatments. At week 8, leaching of nutrients was greatest in the higher PCP concentration treatment. At the end of the experiment no significant changes in soil pH and NH4 +-N content of the soil were found. Birch growth and N concentration of the leaves were reduced with the higher PCP concentration. We assume that direct toxicity of PCP at the beginning of the experiment and changes in the decomposer community structure (mainly reduction of enchytraeids and changes in microflora) due to PCP were responsible for the lowered primary production in the systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336061
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of pentachlorophenol in forest soil: a microcosm experiment for testing ecosystem responses to anthropogenic stress (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 182-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Anthropogenic stress ; Soil communities ; Decomposition ; Plant growth ; Microcosms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the structure and function of a soil decomposer community and growth of birch (Betula pendula) due to chemical contamination were studied in laboratory microcosms. Sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP) was added to the humus layer of a simulated forest soil at three nominal concentrations (0, 50 and 500 mg kg-1 dry mass). After two growing periods (48 weeks), there were more small soft-bodied mites, but less collembolans and microbial biomass, in the higher PCP concentration treatment than in the other treatments. Number of enchytraeids were significantly reduced and fungal-feeding nematodes became extinct in the soil with the higher PCP concentration. Soil respiration did not change due to PCP contamination. Diversity of soil fauna tended to decrease with increasing PCP concentration. Number of faunal taxa were not influenced by PCP. Mainly due to reduction of enchytraeids, total animal biomass was significantly lower in the higher PCP concentration treatment than in the other treatments. At week 8, leaching of nutrients was greatest in the higher PCP concentration treatment. At the end of the experiment no significant changes in soil pH and NH inf4 sup+ -N content of the soil were found. Birch growth and N concentration of the leaves were reduced with the higher PCP concentration. We assume that direct toxicity of PCP at the beginning of the experiment and changes in the decomposer community structure (mainly reduction of enchytracids and changes in microflora) due to PCP were responsible for the lowered primary production in the systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336061
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human pharmacokinetics of nitrazepam: Effect of age and diseases (1979)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 15 (1979), S. 163-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nitrazepam ; epilepsy ; age ; disease ; plasma concentration ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma concentrations of nitrazepam were measured by gas-liquid chromatography in: young healthy volunteers, in geriatric and psychiatric patients and in epileptic children. The disposition of nitrazepam was described in terms of a two-compartment open model. After a single oral dose of nitrazepam 5 mg the most prominent differences between the experimental groups were in the β-phase half-life-mean 29 h in the young volunteers and 40 h in geriatric patients, and in the apparent volume of distribution during the β-phase of 2.4 vs 4.8 l/kg. Total plasma clearance and the average steady state concentration in both groups were equal. The plasma level rose at a rate proportional to the β-phase half-life, and so, they were achieved more rapidly in the young than in the old subjects (3.5 vs 7.5 d). No change in steady-state level or in the half-life of nitrazepam were found during long term treatment, which indicates lack of enzyme induction or inhibition. In 95% of the epileptic children with a good to fair clinical response, the plasma concentration of nitrazepam was 40–180 ng/ml (mean 114 ng/ml). As all of the patients were on combined antiepileptic therapy, no attempt was made to correlate plasma level with therapeutic response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00563100
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A consensus protocol for the determination of the threshold doses for allergenic foods: how much is too much? (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background While the ingestion of small amounts of an offending food can elicit adverse reactions in individuals with IgE-mediated food allergies, little information is known regarding these threshold doses for specific allergenic foods. While low-dose challenge trials have been conducted on an appreciable number of allergic individuals, a variety of different clinical protocols were used making the estimation of the threshold dose very difficult.Objective A roundtable conference was convened to develop a consensus clinical protocol for low-dose challenge trials for the estimation of threshold doses for specific allergenic foods.Methods In May 2002, 20 clinical allergists and other interested parties were invited to participate in a roundtable conference to develop consensus of the key elements of a clinical protocol for low-dose challenge trials.Results A consensus protocol was developed. Patients with convincing histories of food allergies and supporting diagnostic evidence including past challenge trials or high CAP–RAST scores can be enrolled in low-dose challenge trials. Care must be taken with younger patients to assure that they have not outgrown their food allergy. An approach was developed for the medication status of patients entering such trials. Challenge materials must be standardized, for example, partially defatted peanut flour composed of equal amounts of the three major varieties of peanuts (Florunner, Virginia, Spanish). Challenge materials must be appropriately blinded with sensory evaluation used to confirm the adequacy of blinding. A double-blind, placebo-controlled design should be used for low-dose challenge trials. Low-dose challenge trials would begin at doses of 10 μg of the allergenic food and would continue with doses of 100 μg and 1 mg followed by specific higher doses up to 100 mg depending upon the expert judgement of the physician; even higher doses might be applied to assure that the patient is indeed reactive to the particular food. A 30-min time interval would be used between doses, and reactive doses would be expressed as both discrete and cumulative doses. The goal of each challenge would be to develop objective symptoms; trials should not be discontinued on the basis of subjective symptoms only. Statistically, a minimum of 29 patients would be enrolled in low-dose challenge trials for each allergenic food because 0 reactors out of 29 patients at a particular dose allow the conclusion that there is 95% certainty that 90% of allergic individuals will not react to that dose.Conclusion A consensus protocol was developed. Using this protocol, it will be possible to estimate threshold doses for allergenic foods, the lowest amount that elicits mild, objective symptoms in highly sensitive individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.1886.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Baseline anthropometry, flexibility and strength characteristics and future low-back pain in adolescent athletes and nonathletes (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 4 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Factors associated with low-back pain were sought by examining physical activity, low-back pain reports and physical measurements in 86 athletes and 33 nonathletes, a total of 119 adolescents (52 boys and 67 girls). The athletic boys participated in team sports (19 in soccer and 17 in ice hockey) and the athletic girls in individual sports or dance (14 in gymnastics, 17 in figure skating, and 19 in ballet). All subjects answered a questionnaire on physical activity and pain history at the beginning of the study and at the 1-year follow-up. At the beginning of the study, the subjects also participated in quantitative measurements of anthropometry, flexibility (joint hypermobility and muscular tightness), and strength. In multivariate analysis, decreased lumbar flexion and hip flexor tightness at the baseline were predictive of low-back pain among boys during the follow-up. Among girls higher than average body weight at the baseline and low-back pain during the 12 months preceding the baseline measurements were predictive of low-back pain during the follow-up. However, the differences between the groups with and without low-back pain were small compared with the differences between different physical activity groups. In conclusion, attention should be focused on low-back pain, which accumulates in adolescent athletes participating in individual sports, such as figure skating and gymnastics. Our results suggest that flexibility and strength measurements are weak predictors in determining athletes at high risk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1994.tb00426.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-specific low back pain in children and adolescents: risk factors (1999)
    Springer
    European spine journal 8 (1999), S. 429-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Non-specific low back pain ; Schoolchildren ; Risk factors ; Epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Low back pain (LBP) among children and adolescents has become the subject of an increasing amount of literature over the last 15 years. This topic, which was considered almost insignificant less than two decades ago, was the focus of a recent international meeting organised in Grenoble (France) in March 1999. This review paper is the result of an literature update search performed by members of three groups which have been active in this field for many years. Current epidemiological data on LBP is summarized as well as the role of the major risk factors according to studies published in the principal peer reviewed journals interested in the topic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005860050201
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The concentrations of diazepam and its metabolites in the plasma after an acute and chronic administration (1974)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 36 (1974), S. 123-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Diazepam Therapy ; Enzyme Induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The plasma diazepam, N-demethyldiazepam, and free oxazepam concentrations were studied in 12 neurotic outpatients during subchronic use, in 14 outpatients after chronic use, and in 8 test subjects after an acute intravenous administration. There are several reasons for believing that diazepam may induce its own metabolism in man: 1. The decrease in diazepam and N-demethyldiazepam concentrations in the plasma after 1–6 weeks therapy. 2. Comparatively low plasma diazepam concentrations in patients who had taken diazepam for several months or years. 3. Much higher concentrations of N-demethyldiazepam, the main metabolite, after intravenously given diazepam in chronic users of diazepam as compared to controls. 4. The decrease in the ability to form N-demethyldiazepam after abstinence, when diazepam was administered intravenously to a chronic user of diazepam before and after the abstinence of the drug. Diazepam should be administered in small doses and for short periods of time only, or intermittently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421784
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-dependent correlation of low-back pain and lumbar disc degeneration (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 116 (1996), S. 106-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The prevalence of lumbar disc degeneration in subjects suffering from low-back pain (n = 207; age range 10–49 years) and in age-matched asymptomatic controls (n = 216) was investigated by magnetic resonance imaging. The percentage of subjects with degenerated discs increased with age; starting from the age of 15 years, this increase was more rapid in subjects with low-back pain. Concurrently, the number of degenerated discs was higher in the pain group than in controls. Lumbar disc degeneration manifests earlier and in a greater percentage of subjects with low-back pain than in asymptomatic controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004020050079
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-dependent correlation of low-back pain and lumbar disc degeneration (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 116 (1997), S. 106-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The prevalence of lumbar disc degeneration in subjects suffering from low-back pain (n = 207; age range 10–49 years) and in age-matched asymptomatic controls (n = 216) was investigated by magnetic resonance imaging. The percentage of subjects with degenerated discs increased with age; starting from the age of 15 years, this increase was more rapid in subjects with low-back pain. Concurrently, the number of degenerated discs was higher in the pain group than in controls. Lumbar disc degeneration manifests earlier and in a greater percentage of subjects with low-back pain than in asymptomatic controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00434112
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term nitrazepam treatment in psychiatric out-patients with insomnia (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 63 (1979), S. 63-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nitrazepam ; Plasma concentrations ; Long-term treatment ; Psychiatric patients ; Insomnia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Psychiatric patients (N=26) were treated chronically (from 1 week to 12 years) with nitrazepam, because of insomnia. The patients gave their subjective estimations of the effects and side effects of nitrazepam. The concentrations of nitrazepam in the plasma were measured by 63Ni-EC-gas-liquid chromatography. The pharmacokinetics of nitrazepam were compared between the psychiatric patients and healthy volunteers (N=11). The steady-state concentrations and the half-life of nitrazepam in the psychiatric patients were comparable to those of the healthy volunteers. The subjective hypnotic effect of nitrazepam was mostly good or statisfactory and remained unchanged during long-term treatment. Only a few, mild side effects were reported. Nitrazepam does not seem to cause enzyme induction with lowered plasma levels and may therefore be of special value in the treatment of chronic insomnia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426923
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