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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 250 (1974), S. 434-435 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sexually mature virgin female white inbred mice (8?10 weeks old) were mated for 2?3 h with sexually mature males of the same strain (two females per cage). Females with vaginal plugs were segregated, and the embryos were obtained from these animals 28?30 h later by flushing Culture Medium BMOC?2 ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  Former East German uranium miners who are known to have been exposed to radon are estimated to be at high risk for lung carcinogenesis. Among these miners over 200 occupationally caused lung cancer cases are expected to occur each year, resulting in a total of 7,000–24,000 excess lung cancer cases in the coming years. It is still unknown whether there is a correlation between biomarkers and the exposure of the uranium miners to ionizing radiation that might enable us to trace those miners with high lung cancer risk. The primary aim of this pilot study was to test the possibility of performing a biomarker study in this unique cohort of former uranium miners in spite of several limitations that had to be taken into consideration when comparing them with healthy controls, such as old age, age-dependent diseases and potential confounding artefacts from dissimilar smoking patterns. The second aim was to test a range of biomarkers for DNA damage and inflammation in leukocytes and bronchoalveolar fluid for their ability to detect biological effects. In this cohort of miners we found an increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations in blood lymphocytes and an increased prevalence of both fibronectin and tumour necrosis factor α in the bronchoalveolar fluid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Mercury ; Radiation, ionizing ; Embryo ; Combined treatment ; Interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mercuric chloride (3 μM or 10 μM) increased several effects of ionizing radiation (1 Gy) on preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro. Blastocyst formation, hatching of blastocysts, and the number of cells per embryo were affected by this increase in radiation risk. The formation of micronuclei, however, was not influenced either in experiments using mercury alone or in combination experiments with X-rays. Not only was the sum of the single effects exceeded in some of the combination experiments, but the dose-pairs, which were necessary for obtaining a certain effect, clearly fell to the left of the envelope of additivity. That is, the enhancement of effects cannot be explained merely by the shape of the dose-response curves, but there is an interaction between mercury and ionizing radiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Fluoride ; Radiation, ionizing ; Embryo ; Combined Treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of cadmium (up to 10−4 M), fluoride (up to 10−4 M), and X-rays (up to 18.8 Gy) on different variables of preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro has been examined. The agents were applied either singly or in combination (0.94 Gy X-rays +3×10−7 M CdSO4 or CdF2; 0.94 Gy X-rays +3×10−6 M CdSO4 or CdF2). The following variables were determined: a) the microscopic visible development until 144 h post conceptionem (=144 h p.c.), b) the average cell numbers (48 h p.c., 56 h p.c., 72 h p.c., 96 h p.c., 120 h p.c., 144 h p.c.), c) the number of micronuclei (72 h p.c.), d) the distribution of cell nuclei within the cell cycle (72 h p.c.). Nearly all results of the combination experiments correspond to the sum of the single effects. Only two values (out of about 40) significantly exceed the value obtained after addition of the single effects; both values lie within the envelope of additivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Arsenic ; Radiation, Ionizing ; Embryo ; Combined treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mouse embryos at the preimplantation stage were used in vitro for assessing the risk exerted by arsenic on early stages of embryonal development. We studied the effects of sodium arsenite on morphological development, proliferation, and micronucleus formation. A concentration of 100 μM sodium arsenite immediately killed the embryos, and 1 μM almost completely inhibited formation of blastocysts. Micronuclei were induced starting from 0.7 μM arsenite. Concentrations below 0.1 μM (0.1 μM corresponds to 7.5 ppm arsenic) did not show significant effects with respect to any of the endpoints examined. Arsenic did not influence radiation risk under various experimental conditions; all the effects after combining moderately toxic doses of sodium arsenite and X-rays corresponded to the effect obtained by the addition of the single effects.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1439-099X
    Keywords: Key Words: Comet assay ; X-irradiation ; DNA damage ; DNA repair ; Radiosensitivity ; Schlüsselwörter: Comet Assay ; Röntgenbestrahlung ; DNS-Schaden ; DNS-Reparatur ; Strahlenempfindlichkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Hintergrund: Der “Comet Assay” hat sich in Hinsicht auf die Analyse eines induzierten DNS-Schadens in Einzelzellen zu einer interessanten Technik entwickelt. Zudem wird die Möglichkeit geboten, die Effektivität der DNS-Reparatur zu messen. Basierend auf dem Östling-und-Johanson-Protokoll, haben wir einen modifizierten “Comet Assay” mit sehr hoher Empfindlichkeit und guter Reproduzierbarkeit entwickelt. Material und Methoden: Humane Tumorzellen oder isolierte menschliche Lymphozyten wurden in den Experimenten untersucht. Der DNS-Schaden und die Effektivität der DNS-Reparatur nach Röntgenbestrahlung wurden mit Hilfe des “Comet Assay”, bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Die Einflüsse unterschiedlicher methodischer Faktoren wie Agarosekonzentration, pH-Werte der Pufferlösungen, Elektrophoresezeit, Stärke des elektrischen Feldes auf die Anwendung des “Comet Assay” werden zusammengefaßt und detailliert beschrieben. Zusätzlich zeigen die Autoren einen Vergleich unterschiedlicher fluoreszierender DNS-Farbstoffe hinsichtlich ihrer Vor- und Nachteile für die Analyse der “Kometen”. Die Anwendbarkeit dieser Technik wird verdeutlicht durch die Darstellung der DNS-Reparaturkinetik menschlicher Lymphozyten unterschiedlicher gesunder und strahlenempfindlicher Spender nach einer In-vitro-Bestrahlung mit 2-Gy-Röntgenstrahlen. Schlußfolgerungen: Mit den hier präsentierten Daten soll die Optimierung und Standardisierung des originalen “Comet Assay”-Protokolls gezeigt werden. Mit dieser extrem schnellen und praktikablen Version der Einzelzell-Gelelektrophorese sind DNS-Schäden nach Röntgenbestrahlung mit 0,1 Gy und DNS-Reparaturuntersuchungen nach 2 Gy meßbar mit hoher Reproduzierbarkeit. Vergleichende Untersuchungen von DNS-Reparaturkapazitäten unterschiedlicher Spender deuten an, daß der “Comet Assay” eine Einschätzung der individuellen Strahlenempfindlichkeit ermöglichen könnte.
    Notes: Background: The “comet assay” has become an interesting and a very useful tool for the analysis of the induction and amount of DNA damage in single cells thus offering the opportunity to measure the effectiveness of DNA repair. On the basis of the Östling and Johanson protocol we have developed a modified method with increased sensitivity and high reproducibility. Material and Methods: Human tumor cells or isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes were analyzed in the experiments. The amount of DNA damage and the effectiveness of DNA repair was measured after X-irradiation using the “comet assay” technique. Results: In this presentation the influences of different methodological factors like agarose concentration, buffer pH, electrophoresis time, electric field strength on the applicability of the “comet assay” are described in detail and optimum conditions for “comet assay” experiments have been evaluated. Additionally the authors will show a comparison of different fluorescent DNA dyes pointing out their advantages or disadvantages for “comet” analysis. The usefulness of this technique and its capabilities are exemplified by showing DNA repair kinetics of human lymphocytes of different healthy or radiosensitive donors after in-vitro irradiation with 2 Gy X-rays. Conclusions: This paper presents data on the optimization and standardization of the original “comet assay” leading to an extremely fast and practicable protocol in the field of single cell gel electrophoresis. After irradiation with 0.1 Gy an increase in the amount of DNA damage can be measured with high statistical significance and the DNA repair capacitiy of individual cells after X-ray doses of 2 Gy can be analyzed with high reproducibility. The results comparing DNA repair capacities of different donors point out that the “comet assay” may have the potential for the estimation of individual radiosensitivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 175 (1999), S. 325-332 
    ISSN: 1439-099X
    Keywords: Key Words: Human melanoma cells ; Radiation ; Hyperthermia ; Clonogenic survival ; Intracellular pH ; Flow cytometry ; Schlüsselwörter: Menschliche Melanomzellen ; Strahlung ; Hyperthermie ; Koloniebildungsfähigkeit ; Intrazellulärer pH ; Durchflußzytometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Hintergrund: In der Literatur findet sich eine Reihe von Berichten über den Einfluß eines reduzierten extrazellulären pH-Wertes auf die zelluläre Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Strahlung und/oder Hyperthermie. Diese früheren Arbeiten beziehen sich meist auf eine kurzzeitige Inkubation unter den genannten Bedingungen, während die Wirkung chronischer Übersäuerung des Mediums weit weniger Aufmerksamkeit erhalten hat; dabei wäre im Hinblick auf das Mikromilieu im Tumor gerade diese Frage von besonderer Bedeutung. Was die Mechanismen einer eventuellen Sensibilisierung betrifft, so vertreten viele Autoren die Auffassung, daß zumindest die Hyperthermieempfindlichkeit vor allem durch den intrazellulären und weniger durch den extrazellulären pH-Wert bestimmt wird. Allerdings liegen bisher nur Daten für Nagetierzellen vor, und auch in diesem Zusammenhang hat die Wirkung einer chronischen Übersäuerung des Mediums nur wenig Aufmerksamkeit erfahren. Wir haben daher das Verhalten menschlicher Melanomzellen nach einer bis zu sechstägigen Inkubation in Medien mit unterschiedlichen pH-Wert zwischen 6,5 und 7,3 untersucht. Material und Methoden: Es wurden ausschließlich MeWo-Zellen verwendet. Diese wurden null, drei oder sechs Tage lang in Medien mit einem pH-Wert von 6,5, 6,7, 6,9, 7,1 und 7,3 inkubiert. Die Empfindlichkeit gegenüber 250-kV-Röntgenstrahlung und Hyperthermie bei 43°C wurde im Koloniebildungstest bestimmt. Zur Bestimmung des intrazellulären pH-Werts wurden die Zellen mit 5-(und 6-)Carboxyfluorescein gefärbt und durchflußzytometrisch vermessen. Kalibrationskurven wurden mit Zellen aufgenommen, die in Puffern mit Nigericin-Zugabe inkubiert worden waren, um den intrazellulären dem extrazellulären pH-Wert anzugleichen. Ergebnisse: Das Zellwachstum entsprach bei pH 7,3 und 7,1 demjenigen unter Normalbedingungen, bei pH 6,9 war es etwas reduziert und bei pH 6,7 und 6,5 weitgehend unterdrückt. Die Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Strahlung und/oder Hyperthermie war nach mehrtägiger Inkubation bei niedrigem pH deutlich gesteigert; die Überlebensrate nach 4 Gy oder 1 h bei 43°C allein oder in Kombination lag um einen Faktor 2 bis 4 unter derjenigen in Medium mit normalem pH. Diese Empflichkeitssteigerung konnte nicht mit Veränderungen im intrazellulären pH korreliert werden. Die Zellen waren offensichtlich zu einer sehr effizienten Regulierung dieses Parameters in der Lage; die durchflußzytometrischen Messungen zeigten, daß der intrazelluläre pH-Wert unabhängig von den extrazellulären Bedingungen bei 7,2 ± 0,2 lag. Schlußfolgerungen: Im Gegensatz zu der weitgehend akzeptierten Hypothese, daß der intrazelluläre pH-Wert entscheidend für die Hyperthermieempfindlichkeit sei, wurde bei den hier untersuchten menschlichen Melanomzellen eine Sensibilisierung nach mehrtägiger Inkubation in übersäuertem Medium gefunden, ohne daß der intrazelluläre pH-Wert verändert gewesen wäre. Andere Faktoren scheinen unter diesen Bedingungen die Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Strahlung und/oder Hyperthermie zu beeinflussen.
    Notes: Background: There are a number of reports in the literature dealing with the influence of reduced extracellular pH on cellular radiation and/or heat sensitivity. The focus of these earlier studies has been on the effects of a short-term incubation under acidic conditions, whereas much less attention has been given to chronic acidosis which would seem to be more relevant with respect to the tumor micromilieu. As far as mechanisms are concerned, many authors have taken the view that the intracellular rather than the extracellular pH is decisive at least for heat sensitivity, but only rodent cells have been studied so far and again the effects of chronically low pH in the incubation medium have been largely neglected. We therefore studied human melanoma cells after incubation for up to 6 days in media with different pH between 6.5 and 7.3. Material and Methods: MeWo cells were used throughout. Cells were incubated for 0,3 or 6 days in media with pH 6.5, 6.7, 6.9, 7.1 or 7.3. The sensitivity against 250 kV X-rays and hyperthermia at 43°C were determined in the colony-forming assay. The intracellular pH was measured flow cytometrically using 5(and 6)-carboxyfluorescein. Calibration curves were established with cells incubated in different buffers containing nigericin to equilibrate intra- and extracellular pH. Results: Cell growth was optimal with pH 7.3 and 7.1 in the medium, somewhat reduced at pH 6.9, and largely inhibited at pH 6.7 and 6.5. Radiation and/or hyperthermia sensitivities were noticeably increased after several days of incubation at reduced pH; the surviving fraction after 4 Gy and 1 h at 43°C either alone or in combination being a factor of 2 to 4 lower at pH 6.5 than at 7.3. These changes in sensitivity could not be correlated with changes in the intracellular pH. Cells seemed to be capable of regulating this parameter very well; the flow cytometric measurements revealed that the intracellular pH was 7.2±0.2 irrespective of the extracellular pH in the range considered here. Conclusions: In contrast to the almost generally accepted hypothesis that intracellular pH is decisive for the heat sensitivity, the human melanoma cells studied here became sensitive after a few days of incubation under acidic conditions without changes in the intracellular pH. Other factors seem to be influencing the cellular response to radiation and/or heat under chronically low pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß die bei der Reaktion von Diazoniumverbindungen mit Monoalkyloxalessigestern erhaltenen Produkte zur Synthese von Indol-2-carbonsäureestern dienen können, und daß diese Verbindungen die Struktur von Brenztraubensäureesterphenylhydrazonen besitzen.
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