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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of the planar poly(3-octylthiophene)/aluminum Schottky barrier diode (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 72 (1992), S. 2900-2906 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Formation and characterization of planar polymer Schottky barrier diodes are presented. Electrical characteristics of planar aluminium-poly(3-octylthiophene) Schottky barrier diodes are studied with emphasis on the current transport mechanisms. The device exhibits nearly ideal diode behavior in dark with an ideality factor of n=1.2. Temperature dependence of the current-voltage characteristics of the diode is studied in the range 170–370 K. Agreement with the diffusion theory of metal-semiconductor rectification is demonstrated for high temperatures T(approximately-greater-than)300 K. For temperatures less than room temperatures tunneling is proposed to be the dominant current transport mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.351491
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disorder dynamics in solid 9-hydroxyphenalenone (1991)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 95 (1991), S. 2696-2701 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and spin-lattice relaxation data as well as 1H decoupled 13C spectra have been utilized to study the dynamics of the molecular disorder in solid 9-hydroxyphenalenone. In the room-temperature phase—stable between 255 and 380 K—the proton spectrum is narrowed compared to the spectrum of a static structure. This is consistent with a dynamically disordered structure where one of the two nonequivalent molecules reorients rapidly between its two possible equilibrium orientations. The proton spin-lattice relaxation has a maximum of 7.2 s−1 in the same phase at about 355 K, in close agreement with a value of 7.6 s−1 calculated from the dynamical disorder model. The 1H decoupled 13C powder spectrum in the room-temperature phase is also consistent with this picture. Above the 385 K phase transition, the 13C powder spectrum is approaching axial symmetry, proving that all molecules reorient rapidly in that phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.460921
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field-effect mobility of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (1988)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 53 (1988), S. 195-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A field-effect transistor structure is used to study the transport properties of the soluble conductive polymer, poly(3-hexylthiophene). We have measured conductance, mobility, and carrier concentration in undoped polymer thin films. The field-effect mobility was found to be 10−5–10−4 cm2/V s at room temperature. The mobility decreases with increased temperature. The change is only partly reversible. Possible transport models are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.100171
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of 9-hydroxyphenalenone: a very short intramolecular hydrogen bond system (1979)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 101 (1979), S. 5759-5764 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00513a048
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of topical budesonide and levocabastine on nasal symptoms and plasma exudation responses in seasonal allergic rhinitis (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 53 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study compares the effects of two topical nasal treatments for allergic rhinitis, budesonide and levocabastine, on symptom development during seasonal pollen exposure. Additionally, the protective effects of drug treatments on allergen-challenge-induced responses (symptoms and microvascular exudation of plasma) are examined late into the pollen season. Forty-four patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis to birch pollen participated in this single-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled study. Topical nasal treatment with either levocabastine (200 p.g b.i.d.: n = 16), budesonide (200 μg b.i.d.; n = 16), or placebo (n= 12) was instituted before the start of the pollen season and continued for 5 weeks until the end of the birch pollen season. The participants kept diaries for scores of nasal and ocular symptoms. Nasal allergen challenges with increasing doses of a birch pollen extract (102, 103 and lC SQ-U) were carried out both before, when patients were asymptomatic and without treatment, and late into the pollen season. A nasal lavage followed each challenge, and the lavage fluid levels of albumin were measured as an index of the acute inflammatory response of the allergic mucosa. The birch pollen season was rather mild, producing only small increases in nasal symptoms. Budesonide treatment reduced the total nasal symptoms compared to placebo (P〈0.01) and to levocabastine (P〈0.05), while levocabastine treatment did not differ significantly from placebo. Ocular symptoms and use of rescue medication did not differ between placebo and the active treatments. At the end of the pollen season, both treatments reduced allergen-challenge-induced nasal symptoms compared to placebo (P〈0.01). Only budesonide reduced allergen-challenge- induced increments of albumin levels in postchallenge nasal lavage fluids (P〈0.05, in comparison with placebo). The results suggest that budesonide reduces both seasonal and allergen-challenge-induced nasal symptoms, while levocabastine is effective against allergen-challenge-induced symptoms also during the season. In addition, the topical steroid treatment, but not the antihistamine, inhibits the inflammatory exudation evoked by allergen challenge in patients with active seasonal disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03907.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Permeation of polysucrose 15 000 across the human nasal mucosa in vivo (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 52 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Studies of the nasal permeation of small molecules (〈 1000 Da) have yielded important information about the integrity of the human airway mucosa in health and disease. In this study, we used a much larger tracer molecule, polysucrose (PS) 15000 (approx. 14700 Da), to predict the mucosal permeation of inhalational allergens. PS 15000 (50 mg/ml; 15 ml), with or without a detergent type of permeation enhancer (dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate 10 mg/ml), was maintained for 15 min in one nasal cavity of 12 healthy nonatopic subjects by employment of a nasal-pool device. Permeation as determined by the 24-h urine recovery of PS (micro-ELISA analysis assay) was expressed as percentage of nasal instillate. Mean baseline permeation was 0.044% (range 0.009–0.250%). In the presence of the detergent, permeation increased to 0.600% (range 0.007–2.260%) (P〈0.01). After oral intake of 750 mg of PS 15 000 (50 μg/ml; 15 ml), the 24-h urinary recovery was 0.013% (range 0.004–0.023%). Our study thus demonstrates a measurable baseline permeation of PS 15 000, an elevated permeation rate in the presence of an epithelium-damaging detergent molecule, and a negligible permeation by the oral route. These properties support the utility of PS 15 000 as a nasal airway permeation tracer. Its size further suggests that its permeation may reflect mucosal perviousness to many allergens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb02528.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nasal cytokines in common cold and allergic rhinitis (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 25 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Coronavirus-induced common cold and allergen-induced rhinitis are characterized by nasal mucosal exudation of bulk blood plasma. The mucosal exudation process involves ‘flooding’ of the lamina propria with plasma-derived binding proteins and it is possible that subepithelial inflammatory cytokines and mediators may be moved by the exudate to the mucosal surface. In this study, we have analysed cytokine levels in nasal lavage (NAL) fluids from non-allergic subjects inoculated with coronavirus (n= 20) and from subjects with allergic (birch pollen) rhinitis subjected to additional allergen challenge (samples were obtained 35min post challenge) in the laboratory (n= 10). Ten of the 20 inoculated subjects developed common cold and 10 remained healthy. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-4, and IL-6 were analysed in unprocessed NAL fluids using immunoassays. The subjects who developed common cold had increased NAL fluid levels of IFNγ (P 〈 0.05) that correlated well with the symptoms (P 〈 0.001). IFNγ did not increase in subjects with allergic rhinitis. IL-1β levels were similar in NAL fluids obtained from all inoculated subjects. In the subjects with allergic rhinitis NAL fluid levels of both IL-1β and GM-CSF were increased (P 〈 0.05). GM-CSF was not detected in common cold. IL-4 and IL-6 were not detectable in any of the NAL fluids. The present cytokines may not only emanate from superficial mucosal cells. By aiding plasma exudation subepithelial cytokines may potentially also be retrieved on the mucosal surface. Our study provides original in vivo data supporting the notion that a TH-1 profile of cytokines, notably IFNγ, is present in viral infection and further supporting the view that GM-CSF is an important cytokine in allergic airways disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01022.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exudative hyperresponsiveness of the airway microcirculation in seasonal allergic rhinitis (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 25 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Mucosal exudation of plasma is a non-injurious, physiological response of the airway microcirculation to different inflammatory processes. The exudative response is similar in the nose and bronchi and exudation occurs in both allergic asthma and rhinitis. The educative response is a specific end-organ function of the mucosal microcirculation that may be altered in airway diseases.Objective This study examines the hypothesis of altered responsiveness of the superficial airway microcirculation to vascular permeability-increasing challenges in sustained allergic inflammation.Methods Fourteen patients with birch-pollen induced allergic rhinitis were studied for 7 weeks during a Swedish birch-pollen season. Nasal symptoms (itching, sneezing. blockage, and discharge) were recorded and the occurrence of pollen was determined. The plasma exudation response was examined by topical histamine challenges at the end (May) and well out of (December) the season. Challenge and lavage were carried out concomitantly using a‘nasal pool’ -device. The unilateral nasal cavity was filled for consecutive 10 minute periods with saline and two concentrations of histamine (80μg/ mL and 400μg/mL). The lavage fluid levels of different-sized plasma proteins (albumin-66 000 D. fibrinogen-340000 D, and α2-macroglobulin-725000D) were determined.Results The pollen season was mild resulting in only minor nasal symptoms. Histamine produced exudation of all plasma proteins across the microvascular epithelial barriers with particularly strong correlation between the levels of albumin and α2-macroglobulin (r =0.98; P〈 0.001). The exudative response to histamine was concentration-dependent (P〈0.05) and, furthermore, it was significantly greater late into the season compared with outside the pollen season (albumin: P 〈 0.05. tibrinogen: P〈0.05. α2-macroglobulin: P〈0.01).Conclusion We conclude that histamine produced concentration-dependent nasal airway exudation of bulk plasma in subjects with seasonal rhinitis and that this response is abnormally great during the pollen season. Whether angiogenesis or increased responsiveness of the mierovascular endothelium may explain this phenomenon now remains unknown. We suggest that a mierovascular exudative hyperresponsiveness may characterize allergic airway disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb00396.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topical azelastine has a 12-hour duration of action as assessed by histamine challenge-induced exudation of α2-macroglobulin into human nasal airways (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 27 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Oral anti-histamine drugs are widely used in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Recently, anti-histamines have become available also for topical treatmentObjective The present study, involving healthy subjects, examined the effect of topical azelastine on iuminal entry of α2-macroglobulin and symptoms evoked by repeat histamine challenges during 24 h. The effect was cotnpared to a clinical dose of the oral anti-histamine cetirizine and to placebo treatments.Methods Placebo and azelastine (0.254 mg per nasal cavity) were delivered as two consecutive actuations per nasal cavity using a nasal spray device. Oral placebo and cetirizine (10mg) were given as single doses in a placebo-controlled (double-dummy), double-blind, and cross-over design. Histamine-challenges were given 1 h before treatment, and 1, 6. 9, 12. and 24 h after each treatment. The nasal mucosal surface was lavaged after each challenge. The lavage-fiuid levels of α2-macroglobulin were determined to assess mucosal exudation of bulk plasma, and nasal symptoms were scored.Results Histamine (40–400 μg/mL) produced dose-dependent exudation and symptoms. Compared between each treatment and placebo, azelastine and cetirizine reduced the 40 and/or 400μg/mL histamine-induced mucosal exudation of plasma from 1–12 h after treatment. In addition, cetirizine reduced the 40μg/mL histamine-induced mucosal exudation of plasma 24 h after treatment. Differences between the two treatments were not evident regarding nasal symptoms.Conclusion Histamine challenge-induced mucosal exudation of plasma appears to be a useful method for studies of the duration of action of antihistamines. We conclude that topical azelastine is suited for b.i.d. therapy and that neither the exudative process nor watery secretion may impede the efficacy or the duration of action of tbis nasal drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00730.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topical vasoconstrictor (oxymetazoline) does not affect histamine-induced mucosal exudation of plasma in human nasal airways (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 22 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Mucosal exudation of almost unfiltered plasma proteins, plasma-derived mediators and fluid has recently been advanced as a major respiratory defence mechanism. Oxymetazoline chloride is a commonly used decongestant agent. By reducing blood flow it may reduce mucosal exudation and thus compromise the mucosal defence capacity. This study examines the effect of topically applied oxymetazoline on histamine-induced plasma exudation into human nasal airways. Twelve normal volunteers participated in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over and placebo-controlled study with pretreatment with a single dose oxymetazoline chloride (5 μg or 50 μg; a dose previously known to reduce nasal mucosal blood flow by almost 50%) prior to the histamine challenge sequence. Nasal lavages were performed every 10 min for 140 min, and three histamine challenges were performed at 30-min intervals during this period. The concentrations of two exudative indices, N-alpha-tosyl-l-arginine methyl ester (TAME)-esterase activity and albumin, were measured in the nasal lavage fluids. Nasal symptoms (sneezing, nasal secretion and blockage) were assessed by a scoring technique.Histamine induced all three symptoms with correlatively raised levels of the biochemical markers for plasma exudation. Oxymetazoline chloride caused a significant decrease in nasal stuffiness, but did not influence the other nasal symptoms or the histamine-induced plasma exudation. It is concluded that histamine-induced plasma exudation is not influenced by topical oxymetazoline. Thus, an important airway defence reaction such as plasma exudation may be little affected by topical α-adrenoreceptor-mediated vasoconstriction. It is further suggested that the antiblockage effect of oxymetazoline can be utilized in nasal research without interfering with the exudative indices which appear on the mucosal surface as a quantitative reflection of the airway tisue involvement in inflammatory processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1992.tb03103.x
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