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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histamine-induced airway mucosal exudation of bulk plasma and plasma-derived mediators is not inhibited by intravenous bronchodilators (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 46 (1994), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Nasal airways ; Plasma exudation ; Xanthine derivatives ; fibrinogen ; bradykinins ; terbutaline ; theophylline ; nasal mucosa ; nasal lavage ; histamine provocation test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Experimental data suggest the possibility that common bronchodilators, such as the xanthines and β2-adrenoceptor agonists, may produce microvascular anti-permeability effects in the subepithelial microcirculation of the airways. In this study, we have examined the effect of bronchodilators given intravenously on exudation of differentsized plasma proteins (albumin and fibrinogen) and the generation of plasma-derived peptides (bradykinins) in human nasal airways challenged with histamine. In a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled and randomised trial, 12 normal volunteers were given IV infusions of terbutaline sulphate, theophylline and enprofylline to produce therapeutic drug levels. The effect of topical nasal provocation with histamine was closely followed by frequently nasal lavage with saline. The lavage fluid levels of albumin, fibrinogen and bradykinins increased significantly after each histamine provocation. The ratio of albumin-to-fibrinogen in plasma and the lavage fluid was 24 and 56, respectively, indicating that topical histamine provocation induced a largely non-sieved flux of macromolecules across the endothelial-epithelial barriers. The systemically administered drugs did not affect the nasal symptoms (sneezing, secretion and blockage), nor did they significantly reduce the levels of plasma proteins and plasma-derived mediators in the nasal lavage fluids. The present data suggest that systemic xanthines and β2-adrenoceptor agonists, at clinically employed plasma levels, may not affect the microvascular (and epithelial) exudative permeability and the bradykinin forming capacity of human airways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195917
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topical vasoconstrictor (oxymetazoline) does not affect histamine-induced mucosal exudation of plasma in human nasal airways (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 22 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Mucosal exudation of almost unfiltered plasma proteins, plasma-derived mediators and fluid has recently been advanced as a major respiratory defence mechanism. Oxymetazoline chloride is a commonly used decongestant agent. By reducing blood flow it may reduce mucosal exudation and thus compromise the mucosal defence capacity. This study examines the effect of topically applied oxymetazoline on histamine-induced plasma exudation into human nasal airways. Twelve normal volunteers participated in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over and placebo-controlled study with pretreatment with a single dose oxymetazoline chloride (5 μg or 50 μg; a dose previously known to reduce nasal mucosal blood flow by almost 50%) prior to the histamine challenge sequence. Nasal lavages were performed every 10 min for 140 min, and three histamine challenges were performed at 30-min intervals during this period. The concentrations of two exudative indices, N-alpha-tosyl-l-arginine methyl ester (TAME)-esterase activity and albumin, were measured in the nasal lavage fluids. Nasal symptoms (sneezing, nasal secretion and blockage) were assessed by a scoring technique.Histamine induced all three symptoms with correlatively raised levels of the biochemical markers for plasma exudation. Oxymetazoline chloride caused a significant decrease in nasal stuffiness, but did not influence the other nasal symptoms or the histamine-induced plasma exudation. It is concluded that histamine-induced plasma exudation is not influenced by topical oxymetazoline. Thus, an important airway defence reaction such as plasma exudation may be little affected by topical α-adrenoreceptor-mediated vasoconstriction. It is further suggested that the antiblockage effect of oxymetazoline can be utilized in nasal research without interfering with the exudative indices which appear on the mucosal surface as a quantitative reflection of the airway tisue involvement in inflammatory processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1992.tb03103.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma exudation as a first line respiratory mucosal defence (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 21 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A great variety of provocations of the airway mucosa produce extravasation of plasma from the abundant subepithelial microvessels. A plasma exudate has important actions through its volume, its specific and unspecific binding proteins, its enzyme systems, and its potent peptides (of kinin. complement, coagulation, fibrinolysis and other systems). If allowed to operate on the surface of an intact mucosa the plasma exudale would have important roles in normal airway defence. Recent observations in guinea-pig tracheo-bronchial airways and in human nasal airways suggest that the mucosal exudation of plasma into the airway lumen is a non-injurious fully reversible process. Threshold exudative responses thus resulted in the appearance of an ‘unfiltered’ plasma exudate not only in the lamina propria but also on the surface of an undisrupted mucosa. Even after extensive luminal entry of exudate the epithelial lining was intact, as judged by light, fluorescence and electron microscopy. Hence, the epithelial barrier was reversibly permeable when approached from beneath by the plasma exudate. This was a distinct increase in outward permeability, because even during the exudation of plasma the mucosa remained a barrier to luminal solutes. It is possible that the exudate itself, by a slight compressive action on the basolateral aspect of epithelial cells, creates intercellular pathways for its entry into the lumen. Contrary to current beliefs, we propose that plasma exudation should be considered a first line respiratory defence mechanism operating together with other systems of the mucosal surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1991.tb00799.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The‘nasal pool’device applies controlled concentrations of solutes on human nasal airway mucosa and samples its surface exudations/secretions (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 20 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A‘nasal pool’(NP) device, a compressible plastic container with an adapted nozzle, was used to perform a continuous 10-min nasal provocation and lavage. This novel technique brings known concentrations of agents into contact with a large and defined area of the nasal mucosal surface for extended periods of time. Simultaneously, the surface exudations/secretions of the same nasal mucosa are effectively sampled by the NP fluid. A concentration-response study of histamine (80, 400 and 2000 μg/ml) was performed in 12 normal subjects on three different occasions. Exudation of plasma albumin into the lavage fluid was measured to quantitate the histamine-induced airway inflammation. The effect of the dwell time on exudation was examined using histamine (400 μg/ml) instilled in the nasal cavity for time periods from 10 sec to 10 min. The time course of histamine-induced plasma exudation response was studied by exposing the mucosa to histamine (400 μg/ml) for 12 min, with the NP renewed every minute. Allergen-provocations were performed in subjects with hay fever and TAME-esterase activity in the returned lavage fluid was determined to indicate the degree of response. Histamine produced a concentration-dependent increase in albumin levels in the NP fluid; 123·3 ± 25·6, 213·8 ± 19·7 and 430·2 ± 32·0 μg/ml (mean ± s.e.m.), respectively. The time-course study demonstrated that plasma exudation into the lumen occurred promptly and that the exudation response reached a maximum after exposure to histamine for 6–10 min. The dwell-time experiments supported this finding. After 10 min the exudation appeared to decline despite the continued presence of histamine. Allergen provocation resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in TAME-esterase activity of the NP-fluids. It is concluded that the NP technique provides new possibilities in studies of pathophysiology and pharmacology of human airway mucosa. With the NP technique controlled concentrations of mediators, drugs, tracers, etc. can be applied for desirable lengths of time on a well-defined mucosal surface area. This particular area is gently and effectively lavaged during the presence of the NP fluid and when the fluid is recovered by decompressing the NP device.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1990.tb02680.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Airway permeability (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 25 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb00022.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systemic and intraocular uptake of spantide, a tachykinin antagonist, following topical application to the rabbit eye
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Regulatory Peptides 22 (1988), S. 109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0167-0115
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167-0115(88)90329-1
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effect of Non-Immune IgG on Antigen-Antibody Complexation (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 35 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Two preparations of human IgG, one acylated withβ-propiolactone (acylated IgG) and one treated at pH 4 with (races of pepsin (pH 4-IgG), were used to study the effect of non-immune IgG on antigen antibody interactions in the antigen excess zone. Employing two immunological methods together with size-exclusion chromatography, we found that the formation of human albumin-rabbit anti-human albumin complexes was inhibited in the presence of human IgG. In addition, IgG seemed to promote the aggregation of already formed complexes. Thus, non-immune IgG may modulate immune complexation by direct molecular interactions. The effect was dependent on the size and composition of the immune complexes as well as on the conformation of the IgG molecules with respect to their shape, isotype, charge, and other surface properties. Some possible mechanisms for the reactions are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb02978.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dissociation of Soluble Antigen—Antibody Complexes by Rheumatoid Factor IgM (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 18 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Intact rheumatoid factor (RF)-active IgM dissociated soluble antigen-antibody complexes formed in the antigen excess zone, whereas trypsin-digested protein had less effect. The dissociation mechanism involved an interaction between the RF IgM and the Feγ of antibodies in the complexes. RF-active IgM had no demonstrable effect on antigen—antibody complexes when the antigen or the antibody had been immobilized. This was true irrespective of whether the experiments were performed in the antigen or in the antibody excess zone and despite binding between RF IgM and the immobilized proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1983.tb00849.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of IgM Fractions with or without Rheumatoid Factor Activity on Antigen-Antibody Reactions (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 10 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of isolated IgM fractions, with or without rheumatoid factor (RF) activity, on reactions between human albumin and rabbit anti-human albumin, human IgG and rabbit anti-human IgG, and tetanus toxoid and human anti-tetanus toxoid was assessed in the antigen excess zone. RF-active fractions increased and RF-negative IgM fractions decreased the amount of free antigen. The immune complexes that were affected by RF IgM fractions differed in composition from those affected by normal IgM fractions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1979.tb03266.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antiallergic actions of high topical doses of terbutaline in human nasal airways (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 50 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: It is debatable whether β2-receptor agonists produce antiallergic effects in human airways. This question has been addressed in the present study by examination of both mast-cell indices and the physiologic response to allergen challenge in human nasal airways. Twelve asymptomatic patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis were investigated outside the pollen season. Intranasal allergen provocation was carried out with diluent and three increasing doses of allergen. Topical terbutaline sulfate (1.0 mg) was given 5 min prior to each allergen challenge and nasal lavage was carried out 10 min after each challenge. The study design was double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, and randomized. The allergen challenge-induced mast-cell activation and the ensuing physiologic response of the airway tissue were investigated by measuring a mast-cell-derived mediator (tryptase) and plasma proteins (albumin and α2 macroglobulin), respectively, in the lavage fluids. Allergen provocation produced dose-dependent increments of nasal symptoms and lavage fluid levels of tryptase, albumin and α2-macroglobulin. Both nasal symptoms (p≤0.05) and lavage fluid levels of tryptase (p≤0.05), albumin (p≤0.05), and α2-macroglobulin (p≤0.01) were reduced by pretreatment with topical terbutaline sulfate. We conclude that high doses of topical terbutaline may produce significant antiallergic effects in human airways by equally reducing both tryptase release and plasma exudation in the acute allergic reaction in human airways. Further studies are now warranted to determine whether microvascular antipermeability effects of (β2-receptor stimulation contribute to the present observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb02494.x
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