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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HLA haplotypes in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: molecular analysis of the HLA-DQ locus (1992)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 254-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; HLA haplotypes ; HLA-DQ ; restriction fragment length polymorphism ; genetics ; disease susceptibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In Caucasians the predisposition to Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus has been shown to associate with HLA-DR3,DQw2 and DR4,DQw8 and with the presence of amino acids other than aspartic acid at position 57 on the HLA-DQβ chain. In Finland the haplotype-specific absolute risk for developing Type 1 diabetes differs between various DR3 and DR4 positive haplotypes. The aim of our present analysis was to find out whether this variation is attributable to polymorphism at the DQ locus. As part of a nationwide prospective study including 757 serologically HLA genotyped families, we determined HLA-DQα and DQβ restriction fragment polymorphisms in 17 selected families with important susceptibility haplotypes. Additionally, the DQA1 alleles were determined from 19 haplotypes using sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes, and the DQB1 second exon was sequenced from nine haplotypes. The DR3 as well as DR4 positive haplotypes frequently found in Type 1 diabetic patients showed no variation at the HLA-DQ locus, and they were DQw2 and DQw8, respectively. The absolute risk for Type 1 diabetes for DR4,DQw8 positive haplotypes A2,Cw4,Bw35,DR4 A3,Cw3,Bw62,DR4, A24,Cw7,Bw39,DR4, A2,Cw3,Bw62, DR4, and A2,Cw1,Bw56,DR4 was 35/100,000, 130/100,000, 166/100,000, 196/100,000, and 218/100,000, respectively. The absolute risks for DR3,DQw2 positive haplotypes A1, Cw7,B8,DR3 and A2,Cw7,B8,DR3 were 68/100,000 and 103/100,000, respectively. These results provide further evidence that not only the polymorphism at the DQ locus but also other genes of the haplotypes contribute to susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400926
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epidemiology of childhood diabetes mellitus in Finland — background of a nationwide study of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (1992)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 70-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; epidemiology ; genetic-environmental interaction ; incidence ; familial occurrence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A nationwide study of childhood Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus was established in 1986 in Finland, the country with the highest incidence of this disease worldwide. The aim of the project called “Childhood Diabetes in Finland” is to evaluate the role of genetic, environmental and immunological factors and particularly the interaction between genetic and environmental factors in the development of Type 1 diabetes. From September 1986 to April 1989, 801 families with a newly-diagnosed child aged 14 years or younger at the time of diagnosis were invited to participate in this study. The vast majority of the families agreed to participate in the comprehensive investigations of the study. HLA genotypes and haplotypes were determined in 757 families (95%). Our study also incorporates a prospective family study among non-diabetic siblings aged 3–19 years, and two case-control studies among the youngonset cases of Type 1 diabetes. During 1987–1989, the overall incidence of Type 1 diabetes was about 35.2 per 100,000 per year. It was higher in boys (38.4) than in girls (32.2). There was no clear geographic variation in incidence among the 12 provinces of Finland. Of the 1,014 cases during these 3 years only six cases were diagnosed before their first birthday. The incidence was high already in the age group 1–4-years old: 33.2 in boys and 29.5 in girls. Of the 801 families 90 (11.2%) were multiple case families, of which 66 had a parent with Type 1 diabetes at the time of diagnosis of the proband. The prevalence of Type 1 diabetes in the parents of these newly-diagnosed diabetic children was higher in fathers (5.7%) than in mothers (2.6%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400854
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decline of mumps antibodies in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic children and a plateau in the rising incidence of Type 1 diabetes after introduction of the mumps-measles-rubella vaccine in Finland (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 1303-1308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Mumps ; mumps antibodies ; mumps-measlesrubella vaccination ; Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A nationwide mumps-measles-rubella vaccination was introduced in 1982 in Finland to children aged 1.5 to 6 years and since then mumps has virtually disappeared in the country. We investigated whether this rapid epidemiological change had any impact on antibody activity against mumps virus in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic children or on the incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Finland. Two case-control series were collected before (series I and II) and three series after (series III–V) the introduction of the vaccination. IgA class mumps antibody levels were significantly higher in Type 1 diabetic children than in matched control children in the first two but not in the three later series. IgG class antibody levels were similar in patients and control subjects in the first two series but significantly lower in patients than in control subjects in the three later series. The overall incidence of Type 1 diabetes in 0–14-year-old children increased until 1987 but remained about the same during 1988–1990. In 5–9-year-old children no further increase in Type 1 diabetes was seen since 1985, whereas in 0–4-year-old children the incidence continued to rise until 1990. The results suggest that the elimination of natural mumps by mumps-measles-rubella vaccination may have decreased the risk for Type 1 diabetes in Finland; a possible causal relationship is substantiated by the observed concomitant decrease in mumps antibody levels in diabetic children. However, further studies are required to determine if the vaccine virus, like natural mumps, could trigger the clinical onset of Type 1 diabetes in young children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400810
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet, cow's milk protein antibodies and the risk of IDDM in Finnish children (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 381-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Infant feeding ; dairy products ; cow's milk protein antibodies ; IDDM ; childhood ; islet cell antibodies ; insulin autoantibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Associations of infant feeding patterns and milk consumption with cow's milk protein antibody titres were studied in 697 newly-diagnosed diabetic children, 415 sibling-control children and 86 birth-date-and sex-matched population-based control children in the nationwide “Childhood Diabetes in Finland” study. IgA and IgG antibody titres to the proteins of cow's milk formula, BLG and BSA, and IgM antibody titres to cow's milk formula proteins were measured by ELISA. Several inverse correlations were observed between the duration of breast-feeding or age at introduction of dairy products and antibody titres, and positive correlations were observed between milk consumption and antibody titres in all three populations studied. Multivariate analyses which included the infant feeding variables, milk consumption and current age simultaneously showed that the earlier the introduction of dairy products and the greater the consumption of milk was, the higher several antibody titres were. High IgA antibody titres to cow's milk formula were associated with a greater risk of IDDM both among diabeticpopulation-control and diabetic-sibling-control pairs when adjusted for other cow's milk antibody titres, dietary variables and in diabetic-sibling-control pairs also for ICA. The results suggest that young age at introduction of dairy products and high milk consumption during childhood increase the levels of cow's milk antibodies and that high IgA antibodies to cow's milk formula are independently associated with increased risk of IDDM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408475
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natural history of preclinical IDDM in high risk siblings (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 388-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Preclinical IDDM ; islet cell antibodies ; early insulin response ; glucose elimination rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To learn more about the preclinical phase of IDDM we observed for a median period of 46.5 months (range 0.5–69 months) a group of 57 siblings positive for ICA and/or IAA when first screened within 6 months of the diagnosis of the proband. Sequential blood samples and IVGTTs were obtained at intervals of 6–12 months. Seventeen siblings (29.8%) presented with IDDM during the observation period. The duration of the known preclinical period ranged from 0.5 to 51 months (median 29 months). The converters were younger than the other siblings (P〈0.05) and had higher initial ICA levels (P〈0.01). In addition they had a lower FPIR in the first IVGTT (P〈0.001). On all subsequent tests the converters had higher ICA levels and a lower FPIR (P〈0.05 or less), a lower glucose elimination rate from the third test onwards (P〈0.01 or less) and higher IAA levels at 3 years (P〈0.05). Some variation could be observed in the FPIR in the converters with an initial increase and subsequent decrease (P〈0.05 for both). Their levels of complement-fixing ICA increased up to 18 months (P〈0.05) and IAA levels up to 3 years (P〈0.01). Those high risk siblings who progress to clinical IDDM are characterized by young age, strong and increasing signs of islet-cell specific autoimmunity, reduced insulin secreting capacity and emerging glucose intolerance. The present observations seem to be incompatible with the hypothesis of beta-cell destruction occurring at a constant, predictable rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408476
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model for refractoriness accumulation and secondary range firing in spinal motoneurones (1976)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 24 (1976), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A model is presented in which the potassium conductance (G K ) changes responsible for the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) in motoneurones are postulated to follow a kinetics coherent with Hodgkin-Huxley membrane model. Such G K kinetics, which operates as a bistable system switched from one state to the other by the action potential, can be expressed by simple analytical expressions if the spike is approximated to a rectangular pulse. Accumulation of G K by repetitive activation of the model accurately describes the different features of AHP summation in motoneurones; moreover, this accumulation process enables a model for repetitive firing of motoneurones to display “secondary range” firing at steady state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00360645
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Afterhyperpolarization in neurones of the red nucleus (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 333-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Red nucleus ; Afterhyperpolarization ; Repetitive firing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Afterhyperpolarization (AHP) following single or short trains of spikes in rubrospinal neurones (RN neurones) of the cat has been studied with intracellular recording techniques. The AHP amplitude was potential dependent; it increased with depolarization and decreased with hyperpolarization and had an extrapolated reversal potential about 20 mV below resting membrane potential. The AHP was associated with an increase in the membrane conductance and it was concluded that the AHP is primarily caused by an increase in membrane conductance to potassium ions. The time course of the conductance change underlying the AHP was measured with short current pulses and calculated from the AHP voltage. The AHP following a single spike was conditioned at different interspike intervals by a preceding spike (or several spikes). In many RN neurones the AHP (conductance) following a spike added approximately linear to that generated by a preceding spike. In most cells, however, the AHP following a spike was instead depressed by a preceding spike. The summation of AHPs increased progressively, while the depression appeared to be already maximal with one preceding spike. The depression was then approximately constant for interspike intervals less than the AHP duration. It will be shown in a following paper that these properties of the AHP are reflected in the behaviour of the repetitive discharge evoked by constant current pulses in the same neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237284
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excretion of paracetamol in human breast milk (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 20 (1981), S. 123-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: paracetamol ; breast milk ; plasma ; drug excretion in breast milk ; protein binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Breast milk and plasma levels of paracetamol were monitored in 3 lactating women after ingestion of a single 500 mg dose of paracetamol. The paracetamol concentrations were consistently lower in milk, with a mean milk/plasma AUC ratio of 0.76. This value was in close agreement with the milk/plasma partition ratio of 0.81 foundin vitro, and could be related to quantitative binding differences between the two fluids. The half-lives of paracetamol in plasma and breast milk were almost identical, with an overall mean of 2.7 h. As less than 0.1% of the maternal dose would be present in 100 ml milk, breast feeding need not be discontinued due to paracetamol treatment in conventional dosage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00607148
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immigrants in Sweden's labour market during the 1980s (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of social welfare 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2397
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology
    Notes: Using a new database, we studied the earnings of people born outside Sweden and those born in Sweden who were living in Sweden from 1978 to 1990. The results show that relative earnings of people born outside Sweden deteriorated. This is not only caused by an increasing proportion of immigrants from countries outside Europe but also by a deteriorating situation on the labour market for immigrants born in the Nordic countries or in other European countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.1994.tb00072.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decision-making on social assistance in major cities in Sweden (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of social welfare 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2397
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology
    Notes: It is desirable to strive for uniformity in decisions on social assistance. By presenting hypothetical new clients to social workers and asking for decisions, we investigated the occurrence of lack of agreement in decision-making. Surveys were made in Stockholm, Göteborg and Malmö. The results demonstrated variation in the assessment of applications for social assistance between the cities as well as within parts of the same city and between individual social workers in the same office. The reasons for these variations are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.1993.tb00039.x
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