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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of cholesterol requirements in the prawn, Penaeus japonicus (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 3 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two feeding experiments were conducted to assess the quantitative cholesterol requirement of the juvenile prawn, Penaeus japonicus. The prawns were fed casein-based (experiment 1) and casein- or crab protein-based (experiment 2) diets with or without supplemental cholesterol. The daily increases in quantities of body cholesterol (mg kg−1 prawn day−1) at maximum growth and dietary cholesterol intake over a 40-day feeding period were determined. Prawns fed 5 g kg−1 supplemental cholesterol, regardless of protein sources, gave the highest weight gain. Body retention efficiencies of dietary cholesterol (cholesterol retained × 100/cholesterol intake) vary among prawns fed 5 g kg−1 supplemental cholesterol (diets 3, 5 and 7) but dietary cholesterol requirements expressed as mg kg−1 body weight (BW) day−1 were not significantly different (180 to 200 mg kg−1 BW day−1). Based on dietary cholesterol requirement, the optimum dietary cholesterol levels for the juvenile prawns were estimated in relation to feeding levels. When feeding levels were 3%, 5% and 7% of body weight, optimum dietary cholesterol levels were 5.0 to 6.0, 3.6 to 4.0, and 2.6 to 2.9 g kg−1 of dry diet, respectively. The present study showed the advantages of determining daily cholesterol requirement (mg kg−1 BW day−1) at maximum growth through a factorial method in determining optimum dietary cholesterol levels in P. japonicus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1997.00097.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Movements of dietary triolein and cholestane in the digestive tract of prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Aquaculture research 32 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In order to confirm the suitability of cholestane (CLS) for determination of lipid digestibilities in prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus, the movements of dietary triacylglycerol and CLS in its digestive tract were examined. In this present study, the double labelling method was evaluated using [3H]-triolein and [14C]-CLS, which was chemically synthesized from [14C]-cholesterol. Three test diets containing different levels of lipid (0, 80 and 100 g kg−1 dry diet) with [3H]-triolein (150 MBq kg−1 diet) and [14C]-CLS (150 MBq kg−1 diet) were prepared. One prawn was stocked into a 1 L Erlenmeyer flask containing seawater at 25 °C. After the prawns had been fed on 1% of body weight of the labelled diets, they were transferred to another Erlenmeyer flask and held for 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 96 h after feeding. At every collection time, radioactivity of the hemolymph, stomach, midgut gland, midgut, hindgut, muscle and faeces was determined by liquid scintillation counter. All analyses were performed in triplicate with one prawn per collection time per test diet.In the prawns administrated labelled diets, over 75% of the total radioactivity was recovered in faeces at 96 h after feeding. The ratio of [3H] to [14C] in the gastrointestinal tract of the prawn did not fluctuate for 96 h after feeding. Thus, triolein and CLS were shown to move at the same speed in the gastrointestinal tract. The results demonstrate that CLS satisfied one requisite for markers in the digestibility measurement of dietary lipids in the prawn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1355-557x.2001.00055.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of requirement values for essential amino acids in the prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate) (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 33 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The requirements of juvenile prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate), 0.79 g initial body weight, for essential amino acids (EAA) were evaluated based on the daily increase of each EAA in the whole body when the prawn was maintained on a diet with a high nutritive value (a casein-squid protein-based diet). The quantities of each EAA needed daily for growth and maintenance of prawn are conceived to correspond to the daily requirements of this prawn species for EAA. Therefore, these requirement values of respective EAA should be supplied from dietary proteins. To determine these values, protein and amino acids of the whole body of the prawn were quantified before and after feeding experiments, and the quantities of respective EAA needed to meet the requirements were estimated based on the EAA profile of the whole body protein of prawn. As a result, the contents of EAA in dietary proteins (%) needed to meet the requirements of the prawn for EAA were assessed to be: threonine (2.3), methionine (1.3), valine (2.4), isoleucine (2.3), leucine (3.4), phenylalanine (2.6), lysine (3.2), histidine (1.1), arginine (2.9) and tryptophan (0.6), respectively, when the prawn are fed 50% protein diet with 90% protein digestibility at a ration size of 2% (% of body weight).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00684.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on growth and digestive enzyme activities of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel) (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Aquaculture research 32 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Three experiments were conducted to elucidate the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel) juveniles and larvae. In experiment 1 (growth study), duplicate groups of juveniles of about 7 g initial body weight were fed a UDCA diet (containing 0.025% UDCA) and a control diet (without UDCA) to apparent satiation twice a day for 6 weeks at 18–21 °C. In experiment 2 (enzyme study), triplicate groups of juveniles (7 g) were also fed the UDCA and control diets for 6 weeks under similar feeding and water management conditions to those for the growth study, digestive organs were collected every 2 weeks and their enzyme (α-amylase, lipase and protease) activities were assayed. In experiment 3, duplicate groups of 48-day-old larvae were fed two test microdiets (UDCA and control diets) for 30 min and assayed for enzyme activities 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after a single feeding in the morning. The weight gain and feed conversion efficiency of the juveniles fed the UDCA diet in the growth study did not show any significant difference compared to juveniles fed the control diet. Total lipids, neutral lipids and triglycerides of the whole body and apparent body retention (%) of dietary lipids were notably higher (P 〈 0.05) in the UDCA group than the control. In the juveniles fed the UDCA diet, the activities of α-amylase and protease did not increase with holding time compared to the control diet. Lipase activity of the juveniles fed the UDCA diet was significantly higher than those fed the control diet. By contrast, the activities of α-amylase, lipase and protease of the larvae at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after final feeding did not show any difference between the dietary groups. These results suggest that UDCA may have an important role in lipid assimilation by increasing enzyme activity of the juvenile Japanese flounder, but there are few effects on growth performance of the juveniles and digestive enzyme activities of the larvae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1355-557x.2001.00020.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of basophils by immunohistochemistry in the airways of post-mortem cases of fatal asthma (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 23 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: There is increasing evidence for the role of basophils in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. To examine the presence of basophils in the airways of patients with fatal asthma by immunohistochemistry, we stained lung tissues from four post-mortem cases who had died from severe asthmatic attacks and four controls with a monoclonal antibody raised against tryptase (AA-1) and anti-IgE. Mast cells and basophils were identified in the bronchioles as A A-1- and anti-IgE-positive cells, and anti-IgE-posilive cells, respectively. Airway mast cells were found beneath the basemenl membrane, near blood vessels in the submucosa, and adjacent to the submucosal glands, and scattered throughout the muscle bundles. There was a significant increase of mast cells in the asthma group compared with the control group (203.5 ± 84.6/mm2, mean ± s. d. vs 37.7 ± 8.7/mm2, P 〈 0.05, n= 4). In contrast, basophils were observed in the airway lumen, in the bronchial epithelium and in the submucosa. The number of basophils in the bronchioles was 81.8 ± 55.5/mm2 (n= 4); however, basophils were not found at all in the airways of the control group. Although eosinophils, B lymphocytes and macro-phages bear low affinity IgE receptors and could react with anti-IgE, the location of these cells in the close sections did not correspond closely with basophils. The presence of basophils in lung tissues obtained from fatal asthma patients supports the view that basophils play a role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00276.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy budget of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel) larvae fed HUFA-enriched and non-enriched Artemia nauplii (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 34 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The energy budget of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel) larvae fed enriched (EA) and non-enriched (NEA) Artemia nauplii was determined by equating energy intake (EI) with the summation of energy channelled to faeces (F), metabolism (M), excretion (U) and growth (G). Larvae (21 days post hatching, 2.2 mg mean wet wt) were reared in six 80-L circular tanks with three replicates of 160 larvae per tank and fed EA and NEA for 20 days. EI was calculated from the energy content of consumed nauplii, M from the summation of energy for routine, feeding and active metabolisms, U from ammonia excretion and G from energy gained based on weight gain, while F was the difference between EI and the total of other components. The heat increment of larvae was calculated from the difference of O2 consumption at post-prandial and routine conditions. Except for G and F, variables were correlated to the dry body weight (W) of larvae in a power function: Y=aWb. Coefficients a and b were estimated by regression after a logarithmic transformation of the raw data. Overall, growth and survival rates of the larvae fed EA were higher than those fed NEA. For a larval flounder growing from 2 to 20 mg wet wt, the ingested energy was partitioned as follows: 22.8% to faecal loss, 38.3% to metabolism, 1.5% to urinary loss and 37.4% to growth for the EA group, whereas 35.4% to faecal loss, 28.4% to metabolism, 1.3% to urinary loss and 34.9% to growth for the NEA group. Gross conversion and assimilation efficiencies were higher, but the net conversion efficiency was lower in EA-fed larvae than NEA-fed larvae. This study suggests that the higher growth and survival rates of the EA-fed group compared with the NEA-fed group were attributed to their higher intake of essential fatty acids, higher metabolism and lower energy loss of faeces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00896.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutritional assessment and feed intake of microparticulate diets in crustaceans and fish (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 31 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Artificial microdiets have been prepared for nutritional studies and for replacing live feeds in seed production of fish and crustaceans. Much knowledge has been accumulated on microdiets and their dietary values for several species. Total replacement of live feeds with microdiets has been accomplished in prawns, and optimum dietary levels of several nutrients have been reported for prawns. These studies have demonstrated specific nutrient requirements of larval fishes for some phospholipids and of crustaceans for both sterols and phospholipids. However, the quantitative requirements of larval aquatic animals for nutrients are still obscure, possibly because of lack of information on feed intake. From a nutritional viewpoint, optimum dietary levels of nutrients in microdiets determined without measuring net feed intake may be regarded as a conclusion without universal validity. This article proposes methods for the estimation of feed intake in crustaceans and fish fed microdiets, together with a brief review of microdiets and their nutritive values for aquatic animals. First, the methods for measurement of fat-soluble nutrients, cholesterol and fatty acids, using 5α-cholestane as an inert marker, were evaluated in juvenile prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Penaeus japonicus and tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Secondly, a new method for the measurement of feed intake using double markers, 5α-cholestane and dotriacontane, was evaluated using juvenile P. japonicus and larval red sea bream Pagrus major as test animals. The significance of these methods in assessing the nutrient requirements of larval aquatic animals is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.318490.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of dietary protein and lipid levels and protein to energy ratios on growth, survival and body composition of the mangrove red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal 1775) (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 32 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The approximate levels of dietary protein and energy that would sustain good growth and survival of the mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal) were determined in two feeding experiments. In the preliminary experiment, six fish meal-based diets were formulated to contain three protein levels (35%, 42.5% and 50%) and two lipid levels (6% and 12%) for each protein, with dietary energy ranging from 14.6 MJ kg−1 to 20.5 MJ kg−1. The protein to energy (P/E) ratios of diets ranged from 20.6 mg protein kJ−1 to 27.5 mg protein kJ−1. Diets were fed for 100 days to triplicate groups of snappers with an average initial weight of 24.8 ± 0.4 g. No significant interaction between different levels of protein and lipid was observed. Survival rates (93.8% to 100%), feed conversion ratios (FCR) (2.61–3.06) and condition factors (K) were not affected by different dietary treatments. Regardless of lipid level, fish fed 50% protein diets had a significantly higher specific growth rate (SGR) than fish fed the 35% protein diets, but not compared with the 42.5% diets (P 〈 0.05). Increasing lipid to 12% in all protein levels resulted in no improvement in growth over the 6% level. Fish body moisture did not vary while lipid levels based on dry matter were high (27.9% to 33.7%). Snapper appear to require more than 40% dietary protein and a high dietary energy level for good growth. In the second experiment, fish (21.1 ± 0.1 g) in four replicate groups were fed for 94 days with three diets (39%, 44% and 49% protein with P/E ratios of 21.1, 23.3 and 25.5 mg protein kJ−1 respectively) containing similar dietary energy levels of about 19 MJ kg−1. Average final weight, SGR and FCR were significantly higher in diets containing 44% and 49% protein diets (P 〉 0.05). There were no differences in survival rates, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and nutrient composition of snapper flesh. All fish had fatty livers. Results indicated that the diet containing 44% protein with a P/E ratio of 23.3 mg protein kJ−1 was optimum for snapper growth under the experimental conditions used in the study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2001.00618.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioconversion of progesterone by the ovaries of crab, Portunus trituberculatus
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    General and Comparative Endocrinology 17 (1971), S. 152-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0016-6480
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(71)90163-8
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sterols of the triton, Charonia tritonis
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part B: Biochemistry and 64 (1979), S. 225-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0305-0491
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0305-0491(79)90165-2
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