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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GSH release in bile as influenced by arsenite
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    FEBS Letters 145 (1982), S. 285-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Keywords: Arsenite ; Biliary excretion ; Isolated liver ; Reduced glutathione
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0014-5793(82)80184-1
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A pilot study of lead and cadmium exposure in young children in Stockholm, Sweden: Methodological considerations using capillary blood microsampling (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 27 (1994), S. 281-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A capillary blood microsampling technique was tested among urban young children in Stockholm. Blood lead (BPb) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were determined in capillary blood obtained by fingerstick from 41 children, 13–20 months old, and the accompanying parent. The quality control included control for lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination of material and equipment used for blood sampling, washing procedures for the hands and fingers to be punctured, comparisons of Pb and Cd concentrations in blood obtained by fingerstick and by brachial vein puncture from the same individuals, analysis of external quality control samples for Pb and Cd in blood together with the collected samples, and evaluation of the analytical performance using linear regression analysis. The results showed that blood sampling material may contaminate the blood samples with amounts of Pb and Cd that would seriously influence the monitoring results in the low concentration range (〈100 μg Pb/L and 〈1 μg Cd/L). However, it is possible to obtain reliable BPb concentrations (〉10 μg Pb/L), but not BCd concentrations (〈1 μg Cd/L), with the capillary blood microsampling technique tested provided that a strict quality control is applied. The sampling procedure tested was well accepted by the children and their parents. The children's median BPb concentration (27 μg/L; range 9–73 μg/L) was similar to the median BPb concentration of their parents (27 μg/L; range 7–74 μg/L). However, the correlation between child and parent BPb concentrations was poor (R2=0.20), which may indicate different sources to Pb exposure in children and parents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214276
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exposure to lead and other metals in children from Katowice district, Poland (1998)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 71 (1998), S. 180-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Blood lead ; Toxic metals ; Essential elements ; Children ; ICP-MS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To assess the exposure to toxic metals and to evaluate its possible association with essential elements and socioeconomic status in children from the town of Bytom in the Katowice area; this area is one of the most polluted industrialized regions in Poland. Methods: Concentrations of lead, cadmium, mercury, selenium, magnesium, copper, and zinc were determined in whole blood of 211 children aged 9 years. The samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Information on socioeconomic factors was collected using questionnaires. Concentrations of trace elements in the blood of 24 Swedish children aged 9–10 years were used for comparisons. Results: The concentrations of lead detected in the blood of the Polish children ranged from 0.09 to 1.9 μmol/l, with the median value being 0.27 μmol/l. Statistically significant associations were found between lead and such socioeconomic factors as the number of siblings, trips outside the region, maternal smoking, playing outdoors, and apartment standard. The average blood lead level was about 3 times higher in the Polish children than in the Swedish group. The median blood concentration of cadmium found in the Polish children was 3.4 nmol/l (range 1.1–41 nmol/l; almost 3 times higher than that detected in the Swedish children), and that of mercury was 3 nmol/l (range 0.5–11 nmol/l). The median blood levels and ranges of the essential elements were 1.1 (0.7–2.0) μmol/l for selenium, 1.5 (1.2–1.9) mmol/l for magnesium, 17 (13–22) μmol/l for copper, and 78 (54–104) μmol/l for zinc, respectively. The concentrations of selenium and magnesium were significantly lower in the Polish group as compared with the Swedish children. Conclusions: In all, 7% of the Polish children had blood lead levels exceeding 0.5 μmol/l, the concentration above which negative effects on mental development have been reported. However, the findings indicate a decrease in lead exposure during recent years among the Bytom children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050268
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quality control in integrated human exposure monitoring of lead and cadmium (1988)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 332 (1988), S. 726-731 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The Human Exposure Assessment Location, HEAL, Project is implemented by WHO/UNEP in close collaboration with national agencies in different countries. In a first phase methods for exposure monitoring of Pb, Cd, DDT, HCB and NO2 will be tested in China, Japan, Sweden, USA and Yugoslavia, possibly also Brazil and India. The Pb/Cd study, which involves measurements of lead and cadmium in blood, duplicate diets, feces and inhaled air, collected by a group of non-smoking women in each participating country, is coordinated by a Technical Coordinating Centre (TCC) in Sweden. In order to assure accuracy and comparability of data an extensive quality assurance programme has been developed. Quality control (QC) samples for lead and cadmium in blood, feces, air filters, dust and diets have been prepared. Sets of 4–6 External Quality Control (EQC) samples, the metal concentrations of which are unknown to the laboratories, and 1–2 Internal Quality Control (IQC) samples with stated Pb/Cd-levels, have been distributed. The analytical performance evaluation is based on linear regression analysis of reported results (y) versus reference values (x). Criteria for how much the regression line may deviate (Maximum Accepted Deviation, MAD) from the ideal line (y=x) have been developed. A power of 90% is employed, which means that the actual acceptance interval for the regression line is slightly narrower than the MAD-interval. This procedure gives an estimate of the maximum systematic errors involved in the analysis. The MAD criteria for the evaluation of QC results are based on the data quality requirements as well as the feasibility of the analytical techniques. The results of the first QC rounds show that good analytical performance on one QC sample is no guarantee for good results at higher or lower concentrations or good results with other types of samples. Furthermore, analytical performance may vary with time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00472679
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quality control in the analysis of lead and cadmium in blood (1987)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 326 (1987), S. 647-655 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An extensive quality control programme has been developed within a global UNEP/WHO project on Assessment of Exposure to Lead and Cadmium through Biological Monitoring. This project was coordinated by the Karolinska Institute (Department of Environmental Hygiene) and the National (Swedish) Institute of Environmental Medicine. The project was carried out within the framework of UNEP's Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS) and was initiated in 1978 on the basis of recommendations from a UNEP/WHO meeting of a Government Expert Group on Health-Related Monitoring. On termination of the project in 1981 it was decided to extend the analytical QC assurance programme on a periodic basis in order to maintain the analytical capability of the participating laboratories. A QC programme was conducted by our Institute in a follow-up study of the above mentioned UNEP/WHO programme and for a National Swedish Board of Occupational Safety and Health project, as well as for a recently concluded project in which a decrease in bloodlead levels in residents of Stockholm for the period 1980–1984 was established. In the latter project decreased blood-lead levels of about 20% were found in samples stored frozen (−20 ° C) for 4 years. This finding stimulated a study of the long-term stability of our QC samples. Results of lead and cadmium analyses performed for each QC sample during 1980–1985 were computerized. The results showed that the QC samples appeared to be stable for 2–3 years when stored at −20 °C. The losses of cadmium were 5 –10% in 5–6 years of storage at −20 ° C and seem to be less than those of lead (7–15%). Analysis of several QC sets, prepared on different occasions, but analyzed on the same day, confirmed that losses occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00473522
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quality control samples for the determination of lead and cadmium in blood, feces, air filters, and dust (1988)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 332 (1988), S. 741-743 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Quality control samples for the determination of lead and cadmium in blood, feces, air filters, and dust have been prepared within the UNEP/WHO Human Exposure Assessment Location (HEAL) Project. The preparation is given in detail. Problems related to sample preparation and reference values are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00472683
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demethylation of methylmercury during inorganic mercury determination by the magos cold vapor atomic absorption technique (1994)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 348 (1994), S. 815-819 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Previous animal experiments suggested that the Magos cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopic (CVAAS) method might overestimate the concentrations of inorganic mercury (I-Hg) in the presence of methylmercury (MeHg). In the present study it is shown that this error is due to a fast degradation of MeHg during the formation of the analytical signal. For brain samples, about 5% of the total amount of MeHg in the reaction vessel is degraded to I-Hg. Speciation of Hg in aqueous solution of MeHg chloride, after purification with ionexchange chromatography using the Magos method, showed that about 9% was I-Hg. Analysis by NMR of MeHg chloride and MeHg hydroxide showed that less than 1% was in the form of I-Hg. The absolute magnitude of the error in the CVAAS method is dependent on the amounts of SnCl2 and MeHg in the reaction vessel; however, the ratio of I-Hg to total (T-Hg) is shown to be independent of the amount of MeHg (25.5–255 ng as Hg) in the reaction vessel. A procedure for corrections is proposed, based on the results from these studies and empirical data from speciation analyses of brain tissue from MeHg-exposed rats and rabbits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01780983
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