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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract of donor and recipient on the occurrence of murine delayed-type graft-versus-host disease (1988)
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 177 (1988), S. 133-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the present study we investigated the occurrence of delayed-type graft-versus-host disease (DT-GvHD) after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) between two H-2 incompatible mouse strains. BMT was performed on mice with a conventional intestinal microflora as well as on mice in which the Enterobacteriaceae were selectively eliminated from the intestinal microflora by oral antibiotic treatment. None of the conventional or the selectively decontaminated (SD) chimaeric mice suffering from DT-GvHD died of bacteraemia. While DT-GvHD was mitigated when C3H/He recipient mice were SD-treated, this was not the case when C57B1/6J recipient mice were SD-treated. SD-treatment of the divestive tract of donor mice only mitigated DT-GvHD when the recipients were also SD-treated. We conclude that Enterobacteriaceae in the digestive tract may only play a minor role, if any, in the occurrence of DT-GvHD. Instead, we postulate that in this study DT-GvHD was determined by differences in the composition of the resident intestinal microfora (IM) of both mouse strains together with the cellular composition of the bone marrow graft. The interaction between antigenic components of the recipient's IM and the developing donor immune system in the recipient as a possible cause for DT-GvHD is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232893
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Objective quantitation of serum antibody titres against Enterobacteriaceae using indirect immunofluorescence, read by videocamera and image processing system (1991)
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 180 (1991), S. 93-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new way of measuring indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) of microscopic bacterial slide preparations by videocamera and an image processing system is presented. This method is compared with the conventional method of reading the slides by eye. The advantages of this new approach are objective reading, greater accuracy and easier performance. We have applied the method to measure serum antibody titres against endogenous Enterobacteriaceae. The method offers the opportunity to combine IIF with automatic morphological analysis, thereby maximally exploiting the possibilities of the immunofluorescence technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193850
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acinetobacter mediastinitis and pneumonia in a thorotrastoma patient (1983)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 9 (1983), S. 139-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Mediastinitis ; Acinetobacter ; Oropharyngeal flora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of bilateral pneumonia, mediastinitis and septicaemia caused byAcinetobacter calcoaceticus andCandida albicans is described. The infections occurred after a palliative operation for an esophagotracheal fistula in a thorotrastoma patient. The oropharynx was colonized by the two microorganisms at admission and is presented as the source of these infections. Clinical management and antimicrobial policy, including oropharyngeal decontamination, leading to a good outcome are reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01772582
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical use of selective decontamination: The concept (1990)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 16 (1990), S. S212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Infection ; Selective decontamination ; Immunocompromised ; Antimicrobial treatment ; Colonization resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Infections can be classified according to: (1) the type of offending microorganism (virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites), (2) according to the clearance by the defence system (T cell dependent/independent) and (3) in case bacteria are the causative agents in Gram-positive and Gram-negative infections. The latter classification in Gram-positive and Gram-negative infections has appeared to have a practical consequence. Gram-negative bacteria, often involved in major infections and yeasts, appear to play practically no role in the intestinal ecological system. Consequently, it is nowadays increasingly attempted to eliminate Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts selectively from the digestive tract with antimicrobial agents. Selective suppression of Gram-positive bacteria may severely affect the ecosystem of the digestive tract. This selective suppression of Gram-negatives must be continued as long as patients are immunocompromised (locally or systemically) and is called selective decontamination of the digestive tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01709703
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relation between the faecal concentration of various potentially pathogenic microorganisms and infections in individuals (mice) with severely decreased resistance to infection (1978)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 44 (1978), S. 395-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lethally irradiated conventional mice were killed at daily intervals after irradiation. A high correlation was found between the occurrence of bacterial over-growth in the digestive tract and invasion into the regional lymph nodes the spleen and the blood. By oral contamination of mice with quite high doses of either an exogenous or an endogenous biotype of an Enterobacteriaceae species at day 4 after irradiation, it was attempted to induce such condition of intestinal over-growth. In all animals such an abnormal colonization of the contaminant was indeed achieved in this way and the mice died from an infection caused by the biotype used for the contamination. The interval between contamination and death was different when different biotypes were used for contamination and occurred sooner after irradiation when an endogenous biotype was used for (re)contamination. It is concluded that oral contamination with exogenous as well as with endogenous potentially pathogenic bacteria during a period of severely decreased resistance to infections must be avoided. The colonization resistance of the digestive tract of these animals should be maintained as high as possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394316
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The digestive tract in immunocompromised patients: importance of maintaining its resistance to colonization, especially in hospital in-patients and those taking antibiotics (1984)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 50 (1984), S. 745-761 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The colonization resistance (CR) of the gastrointestinal tract to potential pathogens depends partly on factors within the host but to a greater extent on the normal (anaerobic) gut flora. Its strength varies between individuals. These individual differences in resistance to colonization by pathogenic microorganisms may explain differences in susceptibility to infection. CR is lowered by remission-inducing treatment (radiation and/or chemotherapy) in leukaemia, but more severely by certain antibiotics. Development (by selection or transfer) of resistance to these antibiotics may lead to overgrowth and penetration of the mucosal lining by the overgrowing (potentially) pathogenic bacteria. Other antibiotics however, if sufficiently dosed, have been found to eliminate (potential) pathogens selectively without decreasing CR. This selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract has been successfully used prophylactically in neutropenic patients but needs to be monitored bacteriologically. It should perhaps be used more widely in the hospital to control development and spread of antibiotic-resistant strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386238
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence of immunoregulation of the composition of intestinal microflora and its practical consequences (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 7 (1988), S. 103-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01962193
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of the intestinal microflora on the relative thymus weight (1986)
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 175 (1986), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Oral treatment of mice with a combination of non-absorbable broad spectrum antibiotics at a dose level high enough to sterilize the digestive tract within five days of treatment, has been found to have a significant negative effect on the relative weight of the thymus. From the age of 12 weeks onwards, the mean relative weight of the thymus of conventional mice appeared to differ significantly from the mean relative thymus weight in germ-free mice of the same strain. In the course of two to three weeks of continuous oral antibiotic treatment the mean relative weight of the thymus decreased from conventional values to values seen in germ-free mice of the same strain and age. It is concluded that the intestinal microflora apparently exerts an influence on the thymus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02123870
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatic inactivation of aztreonam by faecal enzyme preparations from healthy volunteers (1987)
    Springer
    Infection 15 (1987), S. 188-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 25 gesunden Probanden wurde eine Untersuchung zur Inaktivierung von Aztreonam durch die Stuhlflora durchgeführt. Zehn Probanden erhielten Aztreonam oral verabreicht, 15 Probanden erhielten kein Antibiotikum. Mittels HPLC wurden simultan Bestimmungen des restlichen Aztreonam und seiner inaktivierten offenen Ringform vorgenommen. In der Stuhlflora von 20 Probanden war unabhängig von der Aztreonam-Gabe β-Laktamase-Aktivität nachzuweisen. Die Inaktivierung von Aztreonam durch den Überstand von Stuhlsuspensionen ließ sich durch Clavulansäure hemmen.
    Notes: Summary The enzymatic inactivation of aztreonam by the faecal flora was investigated in 25 healthy human volunteers. Ten volunteers received aztreonam orally and 15 volunteers did not receive antibiotic treatment. Residual aztreonam and its inactivated open ring form were simultaneously detected by an HPLC-assay. Independent of aztreonam treatment, β-lactamase activity was detected in the faecal flora of 20 volunteers. The inactivation of aztreonam by the faecal supernatants was inhibited by clavulanic acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01646046
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The non-enzymatic inactivation of thirteen β-lactam antibiotics in human faeces (1992)
    Springer
    Infection 20 (1992), S. 355-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Frage der nichtenzymatischen Inaktivierung von Antibiotika im Verdauungstrakt wurden Untersuchungen an 13 β-Laktamantibiotika vorgenommen. Benzylpenicillin, Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin/Clavulansäure, Cloxacillin, Piperacillin, Temocillin, Cefuroxim, Cefamandol, Cephradin, Cefotaxim, Ceftazidim, Aztreonam und Imipenem wurden in sechs Konzentrationsstufen mit Stuhlsuspensionen von 30 gesunden freiwilligen Probanden gemischt. Zur Bestimmung der antimikrobiellen Restaktivität wurden Verdünnungsreihen angefertigt. Zwischen der initialen Antibiotikakonzentration (Aia) und der antimikrobiellen Restaktivität nach Inkubation (Asd) bestand folgende Beziehung: $$Asd = {\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}\{ (Aia - K - F) + \sqrt {((Aia - K - F)^2 + 4 K Aia)} \} .$$ Die Parameter K und F stellen die intrinsische Dissoziationskonstante und die Menge verfügbarer Bindungsstellen in den Faeces dar. Die Asd-Werte konten für alle 13 Antibiotika relativ genau vorausgesagt werden. Zwischen den Penicillinen und Cephalosporinen bestanden erhebliche Unterschiede in den jeweiligen Dissoziationskonstanten, während die F-Werte keine Unterschiede aufwiesen.
    Notes: Summary In order to obtain a method that could predict thein vitro inactivation of an antibiotic in the digestive tract, the non-enzymatic inactivation of 13 β-lactam antibiotics by human faeces was investigated. Benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, cloxacillin, piperacillin, temocillin, cefuroxime, cefamandole, cephradine, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam and imipenem were mixed in six graded concentrations with faecal suspensions of 30 healthy volunteers. After incubation the remaining antimicrobial activity was measured by means of a serial dilution method. A relationship between the initial antibiotic concentration (Aia) and the remaining antimicrobial activity after incubation (Asd) was derived, namely: $$Asd = {\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}\{ (Aia - K - F) + \sqrt {((Aia - K - F)^2 + 4 K Aia)} \} .$$ The parameters K and F represent the intrinsic dissociation constant and the amount of available bindingsites in the faeces, respectively. Asd values were predicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy for all thirteen antibiotics. Dissociation constants differed significantly between the penicillins and the cephalosporins but F- values did not differ between cephalosporins and penicillins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01710684
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