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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Personal diffusive sampler for methanol, a hydrophilic solvent (1990)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 44 (1990), S. 514-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01700869
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Personal monitoring sampler for acetone vapor exposure (1990)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 44 (1990), S. 900-904 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01702181
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusive personal sampler for methyl acetate monitoring (1992)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 49 (1992), S. 325-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239633
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple method for determination of methanol in blood and its application in occupational health (1991)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 47 (1991), S. 797-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01689506
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exposure-excretion relationship of styrene and acetone in factory workers: A comparison of a lipophilic solvent and a hydrophilic solvent (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 25 (1993), S. 129-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A factory survey was conducted in the second half of a working week on 41 exposed male workers, who were engaged in fiber-reinforced plastics work and exposed to the mixed vapors of styrene and acetone. Nonexposed workers, 20 men, were recruited from the same factory. Styrene and acetone in respiratory zone air were monitored for a 8-h shift with carbon cloth- and water-equipped personal diffusive samplers, respectively. Blood and urine samples were collected at the shift-end. Acetone and styrene concentrations in whole blood, serum and urine were measured by head-space gas chromatography, and phenylglyoxylic acid in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. All biological exposure indicators analyzed correlated significantly with the intensity of exposure to the corresponding solvent during the shift. The slopes of the regression lines indicate that a very small fraction of styrene absorbed will be excreted into urine as styrene per se, and that styrene is quite effectively excreted into urine after metabolic conversion. In contrast, the slopes of regression lines for acetone suggest that acetone distributes both in the blood and urine quite evenly. When the distribution of the solvent in serum was compared with that in the whole blood, it was found that almost all of styrene in blood is present in the serum, whereas acetone distributed very evenly in the cellular and noncellular fractions of the blood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230723
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formic acid excretion in comparison with methanol excretion in urine of workers occupationally exposed to methanol (1992)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 64 (1992), S. 329-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Biological monitoring ; Formic acid excretion ; Methanol exposure ; Methanol excretion ; Urinalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A semiautomated head-space gas chromatographic (GC) method was developed for measuring formic acid in urine. The method consists of heating 1 ml urine sample in a 20-ml air-tight vial in the presence of 1 ml sulfuric acid and 2 ml ethanol at 60°C for 30 min for ethyl esterification and air-liquid equilibrium, followed by automatic injection of 1 ml head-space air into a flame ionization detector GC. The detection limit was 1 mg/l for formic acid. The method was applied to measure formic acid in the shift-end urine samples from 88 workers exposed to methanol at 66.6 ppm (as geometric mean) and in urine samples from 149 nonexposed controls. Methanol concentrations were also determined. Regression analysis showed that urinary formic acid concentrations, as observed or corrected for either creatinine concentration or specific gravity of urine (1.016), correlated significantly with time-weighted average intensities of exposure to methanol vapor. Men excreted significantly more formic acid than women. Comparison with methanol excretion suggested, however, that urinary formic acid is less sensitive than urinary methanol as an indicator of methanol vapor exposure, primarily because the background level for formic acid (26 mg/l as arithmetic mean, or 23 mg/l as geometric mean) is more than ten times higher than the level for methanol (1.9 mg/l as arithmetic mean, or 1.7mg/l as geometric mean). After theoretical methanol exposure at infinite concentration, the urinary formic acid/methanol ratio should be about 0.4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379542
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to isopropyl alcohol vapor by urinalysis for acetone (1990)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 62 (1990), S. 409-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Acetone in urine ; Biological monitoring ; Isopropyl alcohol exposure ; Isopropyl alcohol in urine ; Urinalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship of the intensity of occupational vapor exposure to isopropyl alcohol (IPA) with urinary excretion of acetone and unmetabolized IPA was studied in 99 printers of both sexes, who were exposed to up to 66 ppm IPA (as time-weighted average), together with toluene, xylenes, methyl ethyl ketone and/or ethyl acetate. Acetone and IPA concentrations in urine were studied also in 34 non-exposed subjects. Acetone was detectable in the urine of most of the non-exposed, and the urinary acetone concentration increased in proportion to the IPA exposure intensity (r = 0.84 for observed, non-corrected values), whereas the correction for creatinine concentration or specific gravity of urine did not give a larger correlation coefficient. IPA itself was not found in the urine of the non-exposed, and was detectable in urine of only those who were exposed to IPA above a certain level, e.g. 5 ppm. The present study results suggest that urinary acetone is a valuable index for biological monitoring of occupational exposure to IPA as low as 70 ppm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381373
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The method of choice for the determination of 2,5-hexanedione as an indicator of occupational exposure to n-hexane (1990)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 62 (1990), S. 403-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Biological monitoring ; n-Hexane ; 2,5-Hexanedione ; Occupational exposure ; Urinalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To identify the method of choice for analysis of urine for 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) as an indicator of occupational exposure to n-hexane, the end-of-shift urine samples of 36 n-hexane exposed male workers and 30 non-exposed male workers were analyzed for 2,5-HD under three conditions of hydrolysis, i.e. enzymic hydrolysis at pH 4.8, acid hydrolysis at pH 0.5, and without hydrolysis. The 2,5-HD concentrations thus determined were examined for correlation with 8-h, time-weighted average exposure concentrations of n-hexane measured by diffusive sampling. The regression analysis showed that the 2,5-HD concentrations without any hydrolysis correlated best with the intensity of exposure to n-hexane. No 2,5-HD was detected in the urine of the non-exposed subjects under the analytical conditions with no hydrolysis. Thus, the analysis without hydrolysis was considered to be the method of choice from the viewpoint of simplicity in analytical procedures, sensitive separation of the exposed from the non-exposed, and quantitative increase in the amount of 2,5-HD after n-hexane exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381372
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exposure monitoring and health effect studies of workers occupationally exposed to cyclohexane vapor (1994)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 65 (1994), S. 343-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Biological monitoring ; Cyclohexane ; Cyclohexanol ; Diffusive sampling ; Health effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A survey was conducted in the second half of a working week on 33 women who either applied glue (with cyclohexane as an almost exclusive solvent component) or worked in the vicinity of glue application. Carbon cloth-equipped diffusive samplers were used for personal measurement of time-weighted average intensity of exposure to the solvent. The geometric mean and the highest cyclohexane concentration observed in air were 27 ppm and 274 ppm, respectively. Concentrations of cyclohexanol in urine samples and cyclohexane in whole blood and serum collected at the end of a shift showed significant correlations with the solvent exposure levels. Urinary cyclohexanone also correlated, but with a smaller correlation coefficient. The observation suggests that cyclohexanol in urine and cyclohexane in blood or serum collected at the end of a shift are useful indicators of occupational exposure to cyclohexane vapor. Quantitative estimation of balance at the end of the shift suggested that only a minute portion (〈 1%) of cyclohexane absorbed is excreted in the urine as cyclohexanol, almost exclusively as a glucuronide. A survey of subjective symptoms revealed an increase in the prevalence of “dimmed vision” and “unusual smell”, but hematology and serum biochemistry testing did not indicate any specific signs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405700
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative evaluation of blood and urine analysis as a tool for biological monitoring of n-hexane and toluene (1993)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 65 (1993), S. S123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Blood ; Exposure indicator ; Metabolite ; Organic solvent ; Urine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blood and urine samples were collected from 57 male Japanese solvent workers [exposed to n-hexane (Hex-A), ethyl acetate, and toluene (Tol-A) at 1.5, 2.3, and 2.3 ppm as GM-TWA, respectively] and also from 20 male nonexposed workers at the end of a 8-h shift, and analyzed for n-hexane (Hex-B) and toluene (Tol-B) in blood, and n-hexane (Hex-U), toluene (Tol-U), 2,5-hexanedione [both with (HD-U/cHYD) and without hydrolysis (HD-U/sHYD)] and hippuric acid (HA-U) in urine. Regression analysis showed that both Hex-B and Tol-B correlated significantly with corresponding exposure to the solvents. Solvents in urine (Hex-U and Tol-U) also correlated with solvents in air but with smaller correlation coefficients than the solvents in blood. Both HD-U/cHYD and HD-U/sHYD showed significant correlation with Hex-A, but HA-U failed to do so with Tol-A. Based on the correlation among biological exposure indicators and solvent concentration in air, sensitivity as an exposure indicator was compared between the solvent in blood and the metabolite in urine in terms of the lowest solvent concentration at which the exposed can be separated (with statistical significance) from the nonexposed (the lowest separation concentration; LSC). The LSC was 3.9 ppm for Hex-B, 1 to 2 ppm for HD-U/sHYD and 10 to 30 ppm for HD-U/cHYD, suggesting that HD-U/sHYD is superior even to Hex-B in detecting low n-hexane exposure; this high sensitivity of HD-U/sHYD is due to the absence of HD-U/sHYD in the urine from the nonexposed. In contrast, Tol-B (with LSC of 2.4 ppm) was more sensitive than HA-U; no LSC for HA-U could be obtained because of lack of correlation with Tol-A at low toluene exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381322
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