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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of urinary cadmium and lead as markers of background exposure of middle-aged women in Korea (1998)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 71 (1998), S. 251-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Blood ; Cadmium ; Marker of nonoccupational exposure ; Korean women ; Lead ; Urine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The present study was initiated to investigate the validity of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in urine in comparison with the metals in blood as a biological marker of nonoccupational exposure of general populations to these metals as environmental pollutants. Design: Peripheral blood samples, morning spot-urine samples, and 24-h total food duplicate samples were collected from 107 nonsmoking women (aged 30–59 years) in four urban and rural survey sites in Korea. Methods: Portions of the samples were digested by heating in the presence of mineral acids, and the digests were analyzed for Cd and Pb by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metal concentrations in urine were adjusted for creatinine concentration and a specific gravity of 1.016. The analyte levels were evaluated on an individual basis (n = 107) and also on a group basis, i.e., in terms of geometric means for the survey sites (n = 4). Results: Cd in urine correlated with Cd in blood on an individual as well as survey-site basis and tended to correlate with Cd in food duplicates on a group basis. The correlation of Pb in urine with Pb in blood was weaker than that of Cd in urine with Cd in blood when evaluated on an individual and survey-site basis. Pb in urine correlated with Pb in food duplicates either weakly or even negatively when examined on a survey-site basis. Conclusions: Cd in urine proved to be valid as a biological marker of environmental exposure of general populations, whereas less support was obtained for Pb in urine as an exposure marker.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050277
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduced cadmium and lead burden in Japan in the past 10 years (1996)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 68 (1996), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Blood level ; Cadmium ; Dietary intake Japan ; Lead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective To investigate the current levels of exposure of the Japanese population to cadmium and lead, in comparison with the levels in 1980s. · Design A nation wide survey was conducted in 1991–1994 (the 1990 study) in 19 study sites in Japan as a follow-up to a study conducted in 1979–1983 (the 1980 study). Blood samples and 24-h total food duplicates were collected from women who did not smoke or drink habitually. Methods Blood and food duplicates (after homogenization) were analysed for cadmium (Cd-B and Cd-F, respectively) and lead (Pb-B and Pb-F) by graphite furnace atomic absorption after wet-ashing. · Results Altogether, 467 women volunteered for blood sampling. Of these women, 375 also gave food duplicates. Geometric mean (GM) Cd-B levels in the 1990 study were lower than the corresponding 1980 values in most study sites so that the 1990 grand GM (1.98 ng/ml) for Cd-B was significantly lower than the 1980 GM (3.58 ng/ml). This reduction in Cd-B was related to the reduction in Cd-F (GM for Cd-F was 38.0 μg/day in the 1980 study and 30.0 Etg/day in the 1990 study). Dietary intake was almost exclusively the route of Cd burden among the populations studied. Both Pb-B and Pb-F also showed a remarkable reduction, i.e. from 33.9 ng/ml (1980 GM) to 23.2 ng/ml (1990 GM) in the case of Pb-B, and from 32.2 μg/day (1980 GM) to 7.1 μg/day (1990 GM) in the case of Pb-F. Pb-B, however, did not correlate with Pb-F either in the 1980 or the 1990 study, because Pb intake via inhalation of air remained significant when compared with dietary intake. · Conclusion The Cd burden in Japan has decreased markedly in the past 10 years, although it is still higher than in other countries. The Pb burden has been quite low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409415
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduced cadmium and lead burden in Japan in the past 10 years (1996)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 68 (1996), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Blood level ; Cadmium ; Dietary intake Japan ; Lead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective To investigate the current levels of exposure of the Japanese population to cadmium and lead, in comparison with the levels in 1980s. ⋅ Design A nation wide survey was conducted in 1991–1994 (the 1990 study) in 19 study sites in Japan as a follow-up to a study conducted in 1979–1983 (the 1980 study). Blood samples and 24-h total food duplicates were collected from women who did not smoke or drink habitually. Methods Blood and food duplicates (after homogenization) were analysed for cadmium (Cd-B and Cd-F, respectively) and lead (Pb-B and Pb-F) by graphite furnace atomic absorption after wet-ashing. ⋅ Results Altogether, 467 women volunteered for blood sampling. Of these women, 375 also gave food duplicates. Geometric mean (GM) Cd-B levels in the 1990 study were lower than the corresponding 1980 values in most study sites so that the 1990 grand GM (1.98 ng/ml) for Cd-B was significantly lower than the 1980 GM (3.58 ng/ml). This reduction in Cd-B was related to the reduction in Cd-F (GM for Cd-F was 38.0 μg/day in the 1980 study and 30.0 μg/day in the 1990 study). Dietary intake was almost exclusively the route of Cd burden among the populations studied. Both Pb-B and Pb-F also showed a remarkable reduction, i.e. from 33.9 ng/ml (1980 GM) to 23.2 ng/ml (1990 GM) in the case of Pb-B, and from 32.2 μg/day (1980 GM) to 7.1 μg/day (1990 GM) in the case of Pb-F. Pb-B, however, did not correlate with Pb-F either in the 1980 or the 1990 study, because Pb intake via inhalation of air remained significant when compared with dietary intake. ⋅ Conclusion The Cd burden in Japan has decreased markedly in the past 10 years, although it is still higher than in other countries. The Pb burden has been quite low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050065
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Background exposure of urban populations to lead and cadmium: comparison between China and Japan (1997)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 69 (1997), S. 273-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Lead ; Cadmium ; Food ; Blood ; Chinese women ; Japanese women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To assess and compare the background exposure of the general population to lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in China and in Japan. Methods: Food duplicates and peripheral blood samples were collected from nonoccupationally exposed subjects, viz 202 Chinese women in four Chinese cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Nanning, and Tainan) and 72 Japanese women in three Japanese cities (Tokyo, Kyoto, and Sendai) in the years 1993–1995. Wet-ashing and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric methods were used for the determination of Pb and Cd levels in food and blood samples. Results: Geometric mean (GM) dietary Pb intake (25.8 μg/day) and the GM Pb concentration in blood (56.7 μg/l) in Chinese were significantly higher than in Japanese women (11.6 μg/day in food and 32.1 μg/l in blood), whereas Cd in food (32.1 μg/day) and Cd in blood (1.92 μg/l) in Japanese were significantly higher than in Chinese women (9.9 μg/day in food and 1.07 μg/l in blood). The intake of Pb and Cd via boiled rice accounted for 3.6% and 31.1% of the total dietary burden in Chinese, and 12.1% and 32.7% in Japanese, respectively. The Cd burden was acquired almost exclusively through the dietary route, whereas the Pb burden came from both air and food, especially in the case of the Chinese population. Conclusions:  The background Pb exposure in the Chinese population was higher than that in the Japanese population, whereas Cd exposure was lower in Chinese women than in their Japanese counterparts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050147
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring of occupational exposure to 1-butanol by diffusive sampling and urinalysis (1997)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 69 (1997), S. 266-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Biological monitoring ; 1-Butanol ; Carbon cloth ; Diffusive sampling ; Hydrolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objectives: To investigate the possibility of applying diffusive air sampling and urinalysis (for mother compound and metabolites) to the monitoring of exposure of factory workers to 1-butanol. Methods: The performance of carbon cloth in adsorbing 1-butanol vapor in air was studied by experimental exposure of the cloth to 1-butanol at 50, 100, 200 or 400 ppm for up to 10 h. 1-Butanol in the exposed cloth was extracted with carbon disulfide and this was followed by gas-chromatographic (GC) analysis. Urine samples were collected from factory workers occupationally exposed to 1-butanol and from rats exposed experimentally to 1-butanol vapour (up to 200 ppm). The urine samples were analyzed by GC without any pretreatment, or after treatment with hydrochloric acid or hydrolase preparation. Results: The performance of the carbon cloth was such that it adsorbed 1-butanol in proportion to the concentration (up to 400 ppm) and the duration (up to 10 h) of exposure, and responded quantitatively to a 15-min exposure up to 400 ppm. The amount of 1-butanol (after enzymic or acid hydrolysis) in post-exposure urine samples from rats was proportional to the exposure intensity. The proportion of free 1-butanol in total 1-butanol (i.e., free+conjugated) in urine was higher after 100 or 200 ppm exposure (35–40%) than after 50 ppm exposure (about 8%). There was a significant increase in total 1-butanol concentration (but not in free 1-butanol) in shift-end urine samples of workers exposed to 1-butanol at concentrations up to 3 ppm. Conclusions: Diffusive sampling with carbon cloth as an adsorbent can be applied to ambient air monitoring of exposure to 1-butanol. Urinalysis for 1-butanol after hydrolysis is sensitive enough to detect occupational 1-butanol vapour exposure at 3 ppm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050146
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