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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Medicine 53 (2002), S. 383-391 
    ISSN: 0066-4219
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cardiac transplantation remains the gold standard of surgical therapies for advanced and end-stage heart failure. However, this very limited option trades one disease for another and can benefit only a small minority of patients. Heart failure is currently considered secondary to a structural increase in ventricular chamber volume or remodeling. Surgical therapies formerly contraindicated for the failing heart, as well as new therapies, can successfully affect ventricular remodeling and improve cardiac function. Surgical revascularization for patients with ejection fractions 〈20% is becoming common. Mitral valve repair is being explored, with surprisingly low operative mortality and encouraging intermediate results. Direct surgical approaches to restoring normal geometry and size to failing hearts, such as left ventricular reduction (Batista procedure), endoventricular patch plasty (Dor procedure), cardiomyoplasty, and prosthetic external constraints are under clinical investigation. Developments in mechanical assist therapy and a new generation of implantable intracorporeal assist devices are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 238-242 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkylsubstituted Cyclopentanones via Hydrocarbonylating Cyclization of 1,4-Pentadiene Systems Mediated by Metal Carbonyls3,3-Dialkyl-1,4-pentadienes 8 under the influence of metal carbonyls can be converted to unsymmetrically substituted cyclopentanones 9 by hydrocarbonylating cyclization with carbon monoxide and hydrogen or water. Starting from 1,1-divinylcycloalkanes of type 8 this method can also be used for the synthesis of spirocyclopentanones. The yields of cyclic ketones with the here used dienes are markedly better than with the unsubstituted 1,4-pentadiene itself.
    Notes: 3,3-Dialkyl-1,4-pentadiene 8 lassen sich unter der Einwirkung von Metallcarbonylen durch hydrocarbonylierende Cyclisierung mit Kohlenmonoxid und Wasserstoff bzw. Wasser in die unsymmetrisch substituierten Cyclopentanone 9 überführen. Diese Methode läßt sich beim Einsatz von 1,1-Divinylcycloalkanen des Typs 8 auch zur Synthese von Spirocyclopentanonen anwenden. Die Ausbeuten an cyclischen Ketonen sind bei den hier untersuchten Systemen deutlich besser als beim unsubstituierten 1,4-Pentadien selbst.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 118 (1985), S. 825-839 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Regio- and Stereoselectivity of the Hydrocarbonylating Cyclization of 1,4-Dienes with Carbon Monoxide: Synthesis of (±)-(α)-CuparenoneDirected towards the synthesis of the cuparene skeleton the hydrocarbonylating cyclization of 1,4-dienes 16, 27 to form cyclopentanones 17, 28 was tested for its regio- and stereoselectivity as well as the toleration of aryl groups in this cyclization method. Based on these results a new synthesis of (±)-(α)-cuparenone (29c) is developed.
    Notes: Die hydrocarbonylierende Cyclisierung von 1,4-Dienen 16, 27 zu Cyclopentanonen 17, 28 wurde mit dem Ziel der Synthese des Cuparengerüsts auf ihre Regio- und Stereoselektivität hin untersucht und die Tolerierbarkeit von Arylgruppen bei dieser Cyclisierung getestet. Darauf aufbauend wurde eine neue Synthese des (±)-(α)-Cuparenons (29c) entwickelt.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 122 (1989), S. 151-158 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Carbonylation of 1,4-dienes ; Catalysis, cobalt ; Catalysis, rhodium ; Cyclopentanone derivatives ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrocarbonylating Cyclization of Dienes, 5.1) - Model Experiments for the Synthesis of the Acorane Skeleton from substituted 1,4-DienesHeading towards the generation of the five-membered ring substitution pattern in the acorane skeleton (1) the hydrocarbonylating cyclization of various substituted 1,4-dienes 3 to cyclopentanones 4 and 5 was studied. While octacarbonyldicobalt as catalyst precursor nearly exclusively leads to linking of the less substituted carbon centers, the more active (cyclooctadiene)rhodium complex also effects the formation of new quaternary centers. The 1,5-dienes 15a-e converted under the same conditions revealed no tendency to isomerize to 1,4-dienes with the same carbon skeleton or to form analogous cyclization products. Finally, using the model substrate 3i the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of the cyclopentanone system 4i containing the same substitution pattern as the five-membered ring of the target molecule 1 can be accomplished.
    Notes: Mit dem Ziel der Erzeugung des Fünfringsubstitutionsmusters im Acorangerüst (1) wurde die hydrocarbonylierende Cyclisierung verschiedenartig substituierter 1,4-Diene 3 zu Cyclopentanonen 4 und 5 untersucht. Während beim Einsatz von Octacarbonyldicobalt als Katalysatorvorläufer weitgehend nur die Verknüpfung der weniger substituierten Kohlenstoffzentren der Diene eintritt, bewirkt der wirksamere (Cyclooctadien)rhodiumkomplex auch die Bildung neuer quartärer Zentren. Die unter den gleichen Bedingungen umgesetzten 1,5-Diene 15a-e zeigen keine Tendenz zur Isomerisierung zu 1,4-Dienen mit gleichem Kohlenstoffgerüst bzw. zur Ausbildung der entsprechenden Cyclisierungsprodukte. Mit dem Modellsubstrat 3i gelingt schließlich die regio- und stereoselektive Synthese des Cyclopentanonsystems 4i mit einem dem Fünfring des Zielmoleküls 1 entsprechenden Substitutionsmuster.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Acorane skeleton ; Carbonylation of 1,4-dienes ; Catalysis, rhodium ; Methylenecyclopropane rearrangement ; Rearrangement, metal-induced ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrocarbonylating Cyclization of Dienes, 6. - Metal-Induced Skeletal Rearrangements during an Attempted Synthesis of the Acorane System from Substituted 1,1-DivinylcyclohexanesIn attempts of a regio- and stereoselective synthesis of the acorane skeleton 2, substituted 1,1-divinylcyclohexanes 1 were treated under the conditions of hydrocarbonylating cyclization. Substrates with higher degree of substitution surprisingly did not lead to the expected spiro products but to isomeric dienes 12 formed by skeleton rearrangements and hydrocarbonylation products thereof. Based on mechanistic considerations of this skeleton rearrangement, metallated methylcyclopropanes are considered as intermediates. These are also formed starting from methylenecyclopropanes which under hydrocarbonylating conditions also yield cyclopentanones.
    Notes: Bei Versuchen zur regio- und stereoselektiven Synthese des Acorangerüsts 2 wurden substituierte Divinylcyclohexane 1 den Bedingungen der hydrocarbonylierenden Cyclisierung unterworfen. Dabei wurden bei höheren Substitutionsgraden überraschenderweise nicht die erwarteten Spiroprodukte und das Acorangerüst, sondern unter metallinduzierter Gerüstumlagerung die isomeren Diene 12 und deren Hydrocarbonylierungsprodukte erhalten. Mechanistische Überlegungen zu dieser Umlagerung lassen auf metallierte Methylcyclopropane als Zwischenprodukte schließen. Diese werden auch beim Einsatz von Methylencyclopropanen gebildet und führen unter Hydrocarbonylierungsbedingungen ebenfalls zu Cyclopentanonen.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 519-524 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrocarbonylating Cyclization of Dienes, 4.  -  Regio- and Stereochemistry of the Cobalt- and Rhodium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted CyclopentanonesEffects of catalysts and of reaction conditions on the regio- and stereochemistry of hydrocarbonylating cyclization of 1,4-dienes to substituted cyclopentanones was studied. Via kinetic reaction control the formation of the thermodynamically unfavoured stereoisomers can be supported. Under certain reaction conditions exo-2-methylenecyclopentanones are formed instead of the saturated products, thus allowing the desired control of stereochemistry via succeeding hydrogenation.
    Notes: Die Einflüsse von Katalysatoren und Reaktionsbedingungen auf die Regio- und Stereochemie der hydrocarbonylierenden Cyclisierung von 1,4-Dienen zu substituierten Cyclopentanonen wurde untersucht. Durch kinetische Reaktionskontrolle läßt sich die Bildung der thermodynamisch ungünstigeren Stereoisomeren fördern. Unter bestimmten Reaktionsbedingungen werden statt der gesättigten Produkte exo-2-Methylencyclopentanone gebildet. Hierdurch wird die gewünschte Stereokontrolle durch nachfolgende Hydrierung möglich.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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