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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 106 (1984), S. 3154-3160 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Capillaries ; Endothelial cell ; Ontogenesis ; Morphometry ; Cerebral cortex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der postnatalen Entwicklung wurde die Capillarlänge im Einheitsvolumen (CL), die Verzweigungsdichte (N⊥) und die mittlere Länge der Capillarendothelzellen (LE) in der Lamina IV des senso-motorischen Cortex von insgesamt 64 Rattengehirnen bestimmt. Als Capillaren wurden alle Gefäße unter 8 μm Durchmesser akzeptiert. Die CL bestimmten wir in 1–2 μm dicken Epon-Schnitten nach der Methode von Saltikov. Die Verzweigungen wurden durch Tusche-Gelatine-Injektion dargestellt und in Kryostat-Schnitten visuell gezählt. Im Verlauf des postnatalen Capillarwachstums, das die Bildung von Verzweigungen durch Sprossung und die Verlängerung der bestehenden Geäße umfaßt, nimmt die CL von ca. 200 mm auf 1100 mm pro mm3 Gewebe zu. Die Verzweigungszahl im gleichen Volumen steigt von 1200 kurz nach der Geburt auf ein Maximum von 11500 am Tag 20 und fällt dann allmählich auf den adulten Wert von 9500 ab. Am Ende der ersten Woche p.n. bewirkt die intensive Capillarsprossung eine starke Erhöhung der N⊥. Darauf folgt in der zweiten Woche p.n. die schnelle Zunahme der CL. Die Veränderungen der N⊥ laufen parallel mit Veränderungen im oxidativen Metabolismus. Aus dem Verhältnis N⊥ zu CL läßt sich der Vernetzungsgrad der Capillaren, d.h. die Verzweigungszahl pro mm Capillarlänge, berechnen. Dieser erreicht zwischen Tag 10 und 20 p.n. ein Maximum und sinkt danach bis zum erwachsenen Tier wieder beträchtlich ab. 1 Monat p.n. sind das Wachstum und die Reifung der Hirnrinde bei der Ratte weitgehend abgeschlossen. Die Bildung neuer Sprosse hört auf, und das weitere Kapillarwachstum erfolgt weniger durch Zellteilung als vielmehr durch Verlängerung des Endothels. Die Phase der intensiven Capillarsprossung entspricht zeitlich der vulnerablen Periode der Hirnentwicklung (“brain-growth-spurt”, nach Dobbing). Unsere Befunde lassen die Vermutung zu, daß in dieser Periode Störungen der Capillarsprossung indirekt das weitere Hirnwachstum beeinflussen können.
    Notes: Summary The average length of the capillary endothelial cells (L E ), the capillary length (CL) and the number of vascular ramifications (N⊥) per unit volume in layer IV of the sensorymortor cortex from the brains of 64 Sprague Dawley rats were determined during postnatal development. All vessels less than 8 μm in diameter were accepted as capillaries. The CL was calculated according to the method of Saltikov, by counting capillary profiles in 1–2μm Epon sections. The number of ramifications per test volume were counted in 30 μm frozen sections of India-ink injected brains. Capillary growth involves both the formation of ramifications by sprouting, and the elongation of the existing vessels. During the postnatal period CL increases from 200 to 1100 mm per cubic mm tissue, the extent of branching per unit volume rises from 1200 at birth to a peak of 11500 per cubic mm at day 20 after birth, and then declines to 9500 in adults. Intensive capillary sprouting results in a marked increase in N⊥ at the end of the first week, followed by a rapid increase in CL in the second week. The changes in the ramification density run parallel with the changes in aerobic metabolism during postnatal development. The ratio N⊥/CL, i. e. the number of ramifications per mm capillary length, corresponds to the degree of arborization of the capillary net. This value rises to a maximum level between days 10 and 20 after birth and declines until maturity is attained. After 1 month the growth of rat brain is almost accomplished and the cortical structure has attained its adult characteristics. The formation of new ramifications ceases and further capillary growth occurs to a larger extent by elongation of endothelial cells and not by cell division. The phase of extensive capillary sprouting corresponds to the vulnerable period of brain development (called “brain-growth-spurt” by Dobbing). Our findings lead to the assumption that disturbances during the period of capillary proliferation can indirectly influence further brain development
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
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    Unknown
    Chicago : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Chicago review. 33:3 (1983:Winter) 23 
    ISSN: 0009-3696
    Topics: English, American Studies
    Notes: A SPECIAL SECTION ON {IN RE} NOVATIVE FICTION. Part II
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 465-473 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eye ; Angioarchitecture ; Hyaloid ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Vascular microcorrosion casts ; Rana temporaria, Rana esculenta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The angioarchitecture of the superficial vascular hyaloid system (membrana vasculosa retinae) of the frog eye was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. The terminal vessels form a single-layered sheath intimately adjacent to the vitreal side of the avascular retina. The hyaloid system is subdivided by the ventral venous trunk into three central areas: the dorsal, the temporo-ventral, and the naso-ventral area. Toward the ora serrata, the hyaloid system is bordered by an arterial ring, and by nasal and temporal venous branches forming more or less complete hemicircles. A vascular zone composed of several tongue-like sectors establishes an inter-connection between the peripheral vascular rings and the central areas of the fundus. The arterial blood is supplied from the arterial ring. The drainage of the hyaloid system is provided via two routes: (1) the Y-shaped ventral trunk collects blood from the central areas, (2) the two peripheral venous branches drain the tongue-like sectors. The vessels within the dorsal area follow preferentially a dorso-ventral meridional direction. This densely capillarized territory corresponds in localization to the area centralis retinae. The ultrastructure of microvessels of the hyaloid system is characterized by features typical for capillaries of the central nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eye ; Choriocapillaris ; Angioarchitecture ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Vascular microcorrosion casts ; Rana temporaria ; Rana esculenta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pattern of the vascular supply to the choroid of the frog eye was studied in toto with the use of the injection-replication-SEM technique. The choroid of anuran amphibians is composed mainly of the choriocapillaris. In both species studied (Rana temporaria, Rana esculenta), an independent arterial supply to the choriocapillaris supplemented that from the ciliary arteries. This additional vascular route arises from the optic artery, a separate branch of the arteria infundibularis superficialis. The optic artery, accompanied by its vein within the vascular sheath of the optic nerve, joins the rich arterial capillary network of the choriocapillaris and supplies the posterior pole of the ocular bulb. The superficial capillary network displays a dense collar around the entrance of the optic nerve into the eye and is composed of a circular meshwork of small capillaries, several layers deep. More peripherally, however, it becomes single layered. This capillary network, as a whole, establishes numerous connections with the adjacent choriocapillaris at the posterior pole of the ocular bulb. In anuran amphibians the complex arrangement of both arterial systems supporting the choriocapillaris may be regarded as a more complete equivalent of the short posterior ciliary arteries of mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Glycoconjugate journal 7 (1990), S. 229-234 
    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Keywords: glycosphingolipid ; synthesis ; polymer support ; lactosyl ceramide ; d-galactosyltransferase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a first example of a polymer-supported enzymic synthesis of glycosphingolipids, synthetic (2S,3R,4E)-2-amino-1-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-hydroxy-4-octadecene (glucosylsphingosine) was converted to theN-4-carboxymethyl-2-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl derivative and was subsequently attached to a water-soluble polymer. The material served as an acceptor in thed-galactosyltransferase reaction (36% transfer yield) and further photolysis, acylation and chromatography afforded (2S,3R,4E)-1-[4-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glycopyranosyloxy]-3-hydroxy-2-octadecanoylamino-4-octadecene (lactosylceramide, 54% yield).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1991 (1991), S. 185-187 
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Thioazidosphingosine ; Thioglycoside synthesis ; S-Glycosides ; Glycosphingolipid analogs ; Carbohydrates ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 3-O-Benzoyl-azidosphingosine 3 was transformed into the corresponding 1-thio derivative 6. Its sodium sulfide salt 6A was treated with hepta-O-acetyl-α-lactosyl bromide 8 to provide after complete O-deprotection the β-connected thioglycoside 9. Azido group reduction and N-palmitoylation led to the desired β-lactosyl thioceramide 1; for structural assignments it was converted into the per-O-acetyl derivative 2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1993 (1993), S. 419-426 
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Sphingosines ; Azidosphingosines ; Octadec-4-enes ; Enzymes ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Treatment of 2,4-O-benzylidene-D-threose (3) with the Wittig reagent obtained from 2-bromopentadecane furnished 5-methyloctadec-4-ene derivatives (E,Z)-8. The introduction of the azido group into the 2-position and acid-catalyzed removal of the benzylidene protective group afforded 5-methyl-substituted azidosphingosines (E)-10 and (Z)-10 which were converted via azide reduction into the corresponding sphingosines (E)-1 and (Z)-1, respectively. Reaction of 3 with methylmagnesium bromide, ensuing selective 2-O-mesylation, and then 4-O-oxidation gave ketone 13. The Wittig reaction of 13 with triphenyltetradecylphosphorane afforded exclusively 4-methyloctadec-4-ene derivative (Z)-16 which was transformed into 4-methyl-substituted sphingosine (Z)-2 as described above. For the synthesis of the corresponding E isomer, 3 was converted into carbinols 21h,l. 2-O-Silyl protection and then water elimination furnished 4-methyl-substituted (4E)-octadec-4-ene derivative (E)-23 which was transformed into (E)-2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Glycosyl Imidates, 35.  -  Synthesis of a Cerebroside Having a (4E,8E)-Sphingadienine Moiety from Tetragonia tetragonoides with Antiulcerogenic ActivityThe natural cerebroside 1a possessing antiulcerogenic activity and its diastereomer 1b were readily synthesized by the azidosphingosine glycosylation method. The required (4E,8E)-azidosphingadienine 12 was obtained from (4E)-tetradecenyl bromide (7) and 2,4-O-benzylidene-D-threose (9) by Wittig reaction, subsequent azide introduction and benzylidene group removal. For the glucosylation the corresponding 3-O-benzoyl derivative 15 was prepared; it provided with the trichloroacetimidate 16 as glucosyl donor the desired β-D-glucopyranosyl derivative 17 in high yield. Deprotection and azido group reduction afforded compound 19 with a free amino group. N-Acylation with both enantiomers of 2-hydroxypalmitic acid (using the derivatives 20a,b) yielded after deacetylation compounds 1a and 1b, respectively.
    Notes: Das natürlich vorkommende Cerebrosid 1a, das antiulcerogene Wirkung besitzt, und das Diastereomere 1b wurden mit Hilfe der Azidosphingosin-Glycosylierungsmethode synthetisiert. Das erforderliche (4E,8E)-Azidosphingadienin 12 wurde aus (4E)-Tetradecenylbromid (7) und 2,4-O-Benzyliden-D-threose (9) durch Wittig-Reaktion, anschließende Azid-Einführung und Benzylidenabspaltung erhalten. Zur Glucosylierung wurde das 3-O-Benzoylderivat 15 hergestellt, das mit Trichloracetimidat 16 als Glucosyldonor das erwartete β-D-Glucopyranosylderivat 17 in hoher Ausbeute lieferte. Entacylierung und Reduktion der Azidgruppe führte zur Aminoverbindung 19. N-Acylierung mit beiden Enantiomeren der 2-Hydroxypalmitinsäure (unter Verwendung der Derivate 20a,b) lieferte nach Acetylgruppen-Abspaltung die Verbindungen 1a bzw. 1b.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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