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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 10 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Geographie
    Notizen: Grasses with the C3 photosynthetic pathway are commonly considered to be more nutritious host plants than C4 grasses, but the nutritional quality of C3 grasses is also more greatly impacted by elevated atmospheric CO2 than is that of C4 grasses; C3 grasses produce greater amounts of nonstructural carbohydrates and have greater declines in their nitrogen content than do C4 grasses under elevated CO2. Will C3 grasses remain nutritionally superior to C4 grasses under elevated CO2 levels? We addressed this question by determining whether levels of protein in C3 grasses decline to similar levels as in C4 grasses, and whether total carbohydrate : protein ratios become similar in C3 and C4 grasses under elevated CO2. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that, among the nonstructural carbohydrates in C3 grasses, levels of fructan respond most strongly to elevated CO2. Five C3 and five C4 grass species were grown from seed in outdoor open-top chambers at ambient (370 ppm) or elevated (740 ppm) CO2 for 2 months. As expected, a significant increase in sugars, starch and fructan in the C3 grasses under elevated CO2 was associated with a significant reduction in their protein levels, while protein levels in most C4 grasses were little affected by elevated CO2. However, this differential response of the two types of grasses was insufficient to reduce protein in C3 grasses to the levels in C4 grasses. Although levels of fructan in the C3 grasses tripled under elevated CO2, the amounts produced remained relatively low, both in absolute terms and as a fraction of the total nonstructural carbohydrates in the C3 grasses. We conclude that C3 grasses will generally remain more nutritious than C4 grasses at elevated CO2 concentrations, having higher levels of protein, nonstructural carbohydrates, and water, but lower levels of fiber and toughness, and lower total carbohydrate : protein ratios than C4 grasses.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Schlagwort(e): C3 and C4 grasses ; Lepidoptera ; Hesperiidae ; Paratrytone melane ; Nutrients
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary We tested the hypothesis that C4 grasses are inferior to C3 grasses as host plants for herbivorous insects by measuring the relative performance of larvae of a graminivorous lepidopteran, Paratrytone melane (Hesperiidae), fed C3 and C4 grasses. Relative growth rates and final weights were higher in larvae fed a C3 grass in Experiment I. However, in two additional experiments, relative growth rates and final weights were not significantly different in larvae fed C3 and C4 grasses. We examined two factors which are believed to cause C4 grasses to be of lower nutritional value than C3 grasses: foliar nutrient levels and nutrient digestibility. In general, foliar nutrient levels were higher in C3 grasses. In Experiment I, protein and soluble carbohydrates were digested from a C3 and a C4 grass with equivalent efficiencies. Therefore, differences in larval performance are best explained by higher nutrient levels in the C3 grass in this experiment. In Experiment II, soluble carbohydrates were digested with similar efficiencies from C3 and C4 grasses but protein was digested with greater efficiency from the C3 grasses. We conclude (1) that the bundle sheath anatomy of C4 grasses is not a barrier to soluble carbohydrate digestion and does not have a nutritionally significant effect on protein digestion and (2) that P. melane may consume C4 grasses at compensatory rates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 203-212 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): antifeedant ; Pseudaletia unipuncta ; feeding behavior ; plant secondary compounds ; preference assays
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La répulsion de Pseudaletia unipuncta (Lep., Noctuidae) pour des substances secondaires végétales a été examinée au cours d'expériences qui ont duré 6 heures. Environ 50% des substances appliquées sur des rondelles de feuilles de maïs, à la dose de 1% du poids sec de la feuille, ont provoqué une répulsion. L'observation directe de chaque chenille a permis d'examiner la prise de nourriture en présence de quelques substances. Aucune répulsion due à la nicotine n'a été notée après les 6 heures de l'expérience, mais l'observation directe a permis de constater une répulsion des chenilles trouvant de la nicotine pour la première fois. Les feuilles de maïs traitées avec de la nicotine ont été rejetées plus souvent que cells traitées avec un solvant seul, et la durée du repas a été plus brève. La caféïne a toujours été répulsive, mais la réaction a diminué avec le temps. On a observé des chenilles qui avait eu la veille nr aliment traité à la caféïne. Après 2 repas sans caféïne, ces chenilles ont consommé plus longtemps des aliments traités à la caféïne que cells qui n'avaient jamais été mises précédemment en présence d'aliments traités à la caféïne, ce qui laisse penser que l'accoutumance est responsable de cette diminution progressive de la répulsion.
    Notizen: Abstract Feeding preference assays that lasted 6 hours were used to test a range of plant secondary compounds for deterrence to Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a grass-feeding armyworm. Preference was determined by relative amounts of treated and control material consumed. In these assays, about half of the compounds were deterrent and half were not when applied to corn leaf discs at 1% of the dry weight of the leaf. Direct observation of the behavior of individual caterpillars revealed that nicotine, which appeared to be non-deterrent in the 6-h preference assay, was deterrent the first time it was encountered. Caffeine was deterrent in both types of assay, but the caterpillars habituated to it after prolonged exposure and its deterrency decreased with time. Long-term preference assays are adequate to screen chemicals for antifeedant properties for agricultural use, but short-term behavioral responses may be important in plant-insect interactions in more diverse natural ecosystems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Orthoptera ; Acrididae ; grasshopper ; Melanoplus sanguinipes ; Phoetaliotes nebrascensis ; peritrophic envelope ; peritrophic membrane ; hydrolyzable tannin ; tannic acid ; oxidation ; hydrolysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract We examined several of the mechanisms that have been reported to enable polyphagous grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) to tolerate ingested hydrolyzable tannins: hydrolysis, adsorption on the peritrophic envelope, and peritrophic envelope impermeability. None of these mechanisms explain the tolerance ofMelanoplus sanguinipes to ingested tannic acid. In this species, tannin hydrolysis was 12–47% complete, adsorption accounted for less than 1% of the tannic acid contained in the midgut, and the peritrophic envelope was permeated by several gallotannins. The foregut is the main site for the chemical transformation of tannic acid in this species. InPhoetaliotes nebrascensis, hydrolysis was more extensive (82% complete), but the peritrophic envelope was readily permeated by two gallotannins. Oxidizing redox conditions were found in the guts of both species, and ingested tannins were oxidized inM. sanguinipes. We hypothesize that the tolerance of some polyphagous grasshoppers to ingested hydrolyzable tannins may be the consequence of their ability to tolerate the reactive oxygen species generated by polyphenol oxidation, whereas others may rely on rapid and extensive hydrolysis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1985-2001 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Lasiocampidae ; Malacosoma disstria ; Orgyia leucostigma ; larva ; tannin ; tannic acid ; peritrophic membrane ; oxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Final-instarMalacosoma disstria fed artificial diets containing tannic acid develop lethal pupal deformities. We examined some of the factors potentially underlying tannin sensitivity in this species, including the permeability of the peritrophic envelope to tannic acid and the chemical fate of tannic acid in the gut. Tannic acid does not penetrate the peritrophic envelope ofM. disstria, demonstrating that the containment of tannic acid within the endoperitrophic space is not sufficient to protect an insect herbivore from the adverse effects of ingested tannins. Ingested tannic acid undergoes extensive chemical modification in the midgut. Only 19–21 % of the high molecular weight components of the tannic acid ingested was recovered in the frass. Of two possible chemical fates of ingested tannic acid, oxidation is the predominant chemical transformation, whereas little hydrolysis occurs. Measurements of gut redox parameters showed that conditions in the midgut favor the oxidation of phenols. However, similar conditions occur in the midguts ofOrgyia leucostigma, in which no oxidation occurs. Therefore, oxidizing gut redox conditions do not necessarily lead to polyphenol oxidation in lepidopteran larvae. We conclude that the sensitivity ofM. disstria to ingested tannins is a consequence of their oxidation in the midgut.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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