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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protoplasts of Trichoderma viride (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 103 (1975), S. 199-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Trichoderma viride ; Fungal Protoplasts ; Protoplasts Formation ; Protoplasts Regeneration ; Abortive Tubes ; Lytic System ; Streptomyces venezuelae RA ; Micromonospora chalcea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract High yields of protoplasts from the 18-hr old mycelium of Trichoderma viride were obtained by using the lytic system, produced by Streptomyces venezuelae RA and Micromonospora chalcea grown on a synthetic medium containing laminarin and chitin, when 0.7 M MgSO4 or (NH4)2SO4 were used as osmotic stabilizers. Regeneration of these protoplasts occurred through the production of an abortive tube and direct germination of the protoplasts. Regeneration could also take place in the medium used to produce protoplasts, but the process was different in many details.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436350
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical and structural differences in mycelial and regeneration walls of Trichoderma viride (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 105 (1975), S. 277-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Trichoderma viride ; Mycelial walls ; Regeneration walls ; Aberrant tubes ; β-(1–3)Glucan ; β-(1–6)Glucan ; Chitin ; Fungal protoplasts ; Protoplasts regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When incubated in Winge medium, protoplasts from Trichoderma viride obtained by treatment with Micromonospora chalcea or Streptomyces venezuelae RA lytic systems first synthesized an aberrant wall, different from the normal one; it was aseptate, larger and irregular in size and length. They then regenerated a new wall, similar to the original one from which they were liberated. Analysis showed that the wall polymers were mainly β-(1–3) glucan, β-(1–6) glucan and chitin in the normal walls, whereas chitin was absent in aberrant tubes. These results are discussed below, together with electron micrographs of aberrant and normal walls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00447147
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of polyoxin D on germination, morphological development and biosynthesis of the cell wall of Trichoderma viride (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 108 (1976), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Trichoderma viride ; Polyoxin D ; Mycelial walls ; Aberrant tubes ; Cell wall synthesis ; Spore germination ; Morphological development ; Regenerating protoplasts ; Chitin ; β-(1-3) Glucan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When polyoxin D is added to a spore suspension of Trichoderma viride at a concentration from 50–100 μg/ml, it inhibits from 40–60% of germination. This percentage increases if dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is added. Mycelium growing in the presence of polyoxin D becomes irregular and loses its rigidity, showing several bulges along the hypha. Under the electron microscope the features of the cell wall and cytoplasmic content are apparently normal. Nevertheless, after incubation with different lytic systems or with (14C)glucose, it can be seen that polyoxin D partially inhibits the biosynthesis of β-(1-3)glucan and the biosynthesis of chitin to a greater extent attaining inhibition of 83% at 100 μg/ml of the antibiotic concentration. Regenerating protoplasts are less affected by polyoxin D. They do regenerate slower but the percentage of regeneration is more than 80%. Aberrant tubes synthesized by these protoplasts are not affected, they manifest their usual morphology and lack of chitin is confirmed in their composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428949
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the effect of glucono-δ-lactone on the yeast Pichia polymorpha (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 109 (1976), S. 157-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Pichia polymorpha ; Streptomyces venezuelae RA ; Penicillium italicum ; β-Glucanase ; Glucono-δ-lactone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Investigation has been made into the action of glucono-δ-lactone on living cells of Pichia polymorpha in relation to the uptake of D-(U-14C) glucose, and the incorporation of (2-14C) uracil and L-(U-14C)-threonine into RNA and protein respectively. Other factors such as the action of glucono-δ-lactone on cell morphology and on enzymic synthesis have also been studied. The action of this compound on β-glucanase has been found to take place in the hydrolytic power and not in the synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425129
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of β-glucanase and other extracellular proteins by cells and protoplasts of the yeast Pichia polymorpha (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 105 (1975), S. 335-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: β-Glucanase ; Invertase ; Acid phosphatase ; 2-deoxy-d-glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis of β-glucanase either by cells or by protoplasts of the yeast Pichia polymorpha has been found to occur in the presence of 2-deoxy-d-glucose in the growth medium. On the other hand, the synthesis of typical extracellular proteins such as invertase and acid phosphatase is strongly affected by the presence of the drug. The degree of inhibition is, however, directly related to the 2-deoxy-d-glucose concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00447154
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosomal polymorphism and adaptation to specific industrial environments of Saccharomyces strains (1998)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 49 (1998), S. 154-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Several industrial Saccharomyces strains, including bakers', wine, brewers' and distillers' yeasts, have been characterized with regards to their DNA content, chromosomal polymorphism and homologies with the DNA of laboratory strains. Measurement of the DNA contents of cells suggested that most of the industrial yeasts were aneuploids. Polymorphisms in the electrophoretic chromosomal pattern were so large that each strain could be individually identified. However, no specific changes relating to a particular group were observed. Hybridization using different probes from laboratory strains was very strong in all cases, indicating that all industrial strains possess a high degree of DNA homology with laboratory yeasts. Probes URA3, CUP1, LEU2, TRP1, GAL4 or ADC1 demonstrated the presence of one or two bands, two especially in bakers' strains. Also, results indicate that all hybridized genes are located on the same chromosomes both in laboratory and industrial strains. Translocation from chromosome VIII to XVI seems to have occurred in a distillers' strain, judging by the location of the CUP1 probe. Finally, when the SUC2 probe is used, results indicate a very widespread presence of the SUC genes in only bakers' and molasses alcohol distillers' strains. This clearly suggests that amplification of SUC genes is an adaptive mechanism conferring better fitness upon the strains in their specific industrial conditions. The widespread presence of Ty1 and Ty2 elements as well as Y′ subtelomeric sequences could account for the inter- and intrachromosomal changes detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051152
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological and molecular characterization of flor yeasts: Polymorphism of flor yeast populations (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 11 (1995), S. 1399-1411 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: flor yeast ; Sherry wine ; flor formation ; DNA polymorphism ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Yeast strains which form velum on the surface of Sherry wine during the aging process have been isolated and characterized. According to their metabolic and molecular features most of the yeasts that were isolated belong to different races of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (beticus, cheresiensis, montuliensis and rouxii). Due to the conditions under which these yeasts were isolated, all strains have in common the capacity to develop a film as an adaptive mechanism which allows them to grow and survive in 15·5% vol. ethanol. All strains were prototrophs for amino acids and most vitamins but they gave different responses to the killer factor. However, whereas their physiological features were similar, they showed a great heterogeneity with regards to the nuclear and mitochondrial genome (mtDNA): DNA content per cell was quite variable (1·3 to 2n), electrophoretic karyotypes of nuclear genomes indicated a main pattern with some variations, and polymorphism shown by the mtDNA was very high. Under extreme conditions such as Sherry wine with 15·5% vol. ethanol, no fermentable sugar and an exclusively oxidative metabolism, cells hardly grow and the maintenance of a live population depends on survival and respiration, which in turn depend on the mtDNA. At the same time these environmental conditions are mutagenic for the mtDNA, causing an increase in variation. Thus, the polymorphism observed might reflect the enormous variability induced by the ethanol followed by the selection of those mtDNA sequences which make the mitochondria metabolically active under these conditions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320111408
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