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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein quality of human milk fortifier in low birth weight infants: Effects on growth and plasma amino acid profiles (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 152 (1993), S. 1036-1039 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Amino acid profile ; Human milk protein ; Bovine protein ; Human milk fortifier
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Serum preprandial essential amino acid, urea and prealbumin concentrations, and growth rates were studied in appropriate for gestational age low birth weight infants fed one of three regimens: (1) human milk enriched with human milk protein (n=17); (2) bovine whey protein hydrolysate (n=18; and (3) a mixture of bovine proteins, peptides and amino acids designed to have an amino acid composition close to that of human milk proteins (n=18). Energy and nitrogen intakes were similar in all groups. Growth rates and gross metabolic responses did not differ between the feeding groups. There were also no differences in the amino acid profiles between those infants fed human milk protein fortifier and mixed bovine protein fortifier. Infants fed the whey fortifier had significantly higher threonine concentrations in comparison to those fed exclusively human milk protein (287±63 μmol/l vs 168±26 μmol/l) whereas the levels of some other essential amino acids (i.e. valine, leucine, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine and tryptophan) were lower. The results indicate that growth rates and gross metabolic indices do not depend on the protein quality of human milk fortifiers. However, the addition of well balanced mixtures of bovine proteins to human milk results in amino acid profiles similar to those observed in LBW infants fed similar amounts of human milk proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01957232
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid content of serum and red blood cell membrane phospholipids of preterm infants fed breast milk, standard formula or formula supplemented with n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 410-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Preterm infants ; Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty ; acids ; Plasma phospholipids ; Red ; blood cell membrane ; Formula ; feeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The contents of docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) of plasma and red blood cell membrane phospholipids were studied in 41 very low birth weight infants fed either breast milk (n = 18), a standard formula without long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 or 22 carbon atoms (LCP) but with α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid (n = 11) or a formula additionally supplemented with n-3 and n-6 LCP in relations typical for human milk (n = 12) after 2, 6, and 10 weeks of feeding. The content of DHA and AA in plasma phospholipids declined in the infants fed the LCP-free formula but remained more or less constant during the whole feeding period in those infants fed breast milk as well as in those fed the LCP-supplemented formula. The differences between the group fed the LCP-free standard formula and the two groups fed LCP-containing diets became significant during the first 2 weeks of feeding. In contrast, there were no differences between the group fed breast milk and the group fed the supplemented formula during the study period. Similar effects could be observed regarding the composition of red blood cell membrane phospholipids, but the differences between the infants fed the LCP-free standard formula and the two other groups with LCP-containing diets were significant only for AA. The data indicate that very low birth weight infants are unable to synthesize LCP from α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid in sufficient amounts to prevent a decline of LCP in plasma and red blood cell phospholipids. Additionally, the data show, that supplementation of formulas with n-3 and n-6 LCP in amounts typical for human milk fat results in similar fatty acid profiles of plasma and red blood cell membrane phospholipids as found during breast milk feeding. Conclusion Supplementation of formula with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids improves the LCP status of very low birth weight infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01955275
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid content of serum and red blood cell membrane phospholipids of preterm infants fed breast milk, standard formula or formula supplemented with n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 410-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Pretem infants ; Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ; Plasma phospholipids ; Red blood cell membrane ; Formula feeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The contents of docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) of plasma and red blood cell membrane phospholipids were studied in 41 very low birth weight infants fed either breast milk (n=18), a standard formula without long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 or 22 carbon atoms (LCP) but with α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid (n=11) or a formula additionally supplemented with n-3 and n-6 LCP in relations typical for human milk (n=12) after 2, 6, and 10 weeks of feeding. The content of DHA and AA in plasma phospholipids declined in the infants fed the LCP-free formula but remained more or less constant during the whole feeding period in those infants fed breast milk as well as in those fed the LCP-supplemented formula. The differences between the group fed the LCP-free standard formula and the two groups fed LCP-containing diets became significant during the first 2 weeks of feeding. In contrast, there were no differences between the group fed breast milk and the group fed the supplemented formula during the study period. Similar effects could be observed regarding the composition of red blood cell membrane phospholipids, but the differences between the infants fed the LCP-free standard formula and the two other groups with LCP-containing diets were significant only for AA. The data indicate that very low birth weight infants are unable to synthesize LCP from α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid in sufficient amounts to prevent a decline of LCP in plasma and red blood cell phospholipids. Additionally, the data show, that supplementation of formulas with n-3 and n-6 LCP in amounts typical for human milk fat results in similar fatty acid profiles of plasma and red blood cell membrane phospholipids as found during breast milk feeding. Conclusion Supplementation of formula with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids improves the LCP status of very low birth weight infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01955275
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen and fat balances in very low birth weight infants fed human milk fortified with human milk or bovine milk protein (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 152 (1993), S. 236-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Nitrogen balance ; Fat balance ; Very low birth weight infants ; Human milk protein ; Bovine protein fortifier
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The study was designed to compare two different human milk fortifiers in a group of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants by analysing nitrogen and fat balances, serum concentrations of alpha-amino-nitrogen, urea, and prealbumin as well as growth rates when human milk enriched with one of the two studied fortifiers was fed to the infants. Fortifier A contained different bovine proteins, peptides and amino acids and had an amino acid composition comparable to that of the nutritional available proteins in human milk, with carbohydrates, and minerals. Fortifier B was composed of freeze-dried skimmed human milk and minerals to achieve a similar macronutrient composition in both fortifiers. Eleven infants were fed with human milk enriched with fortifier A and 13 with fortifier B. After a 10-day equilibration period, a 3-day metabolic balance was performed. On the 14th day of the study blood was obtained preprandially for serum analysis and growth rates were estimated. The nitrogen absorption rate (93.8% vs 93.5%) as well as the retention rate (80.8% vs 78.5%) were no different between the groups. The fat absorption rate (92.3% vs 91.5%) as well as the weight gain (32.1 vs 31.1 g/day) were similar and there were no differences in the serum parameters studied. The results indicate that feeding VLBW infants with human milk enriched with a well-balanced bovine fortifier fulfil their nutritional requirements as well as diets composed exclusively of human milk protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01956152
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early endotoxin exposure and atopy development in infants: results of a birth cohort study (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 33 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Exposure to endotoxin in childhood is currently discussed to protect from the development of allergic diseases.Objective To study the effect of early endotoxin exposure on incidence of atopic sensitization, atopic dermatitis and wheezing until the age of 2 years in infants with different risk status in terms of parental atopy.Methods Data of 1942 infants of an ongoing birth cohort study were analysed by logistic regression. Endotoxin was measured in settled dust of the mothers' mattresses at infants' age of 3 months. Data on allergic symptoms and physicians' diagnoses were gathered by questionnaire. Sensitization to common food and inhalant allergens was assessed by specific serum IgE.Results High endotoxin levels increased the risk of repeated wheeze [adjusted odds ratio (OR) for 4th exposure quartile (Q4) 1.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–2.14], but were associated with neither sensitization to food allergens nor atopic dermatitis. Stratification by parental atopy showed that there was an association of endotoxin exposure with incidence of repeated wheeze as well as with sensitization to inhalant allergens (P for trend = 0.008 and 0.044, respectively) only in infants with parental atopy, with the highest risk in the 4th exposure quartile (repeated wheeze: ORQ4 1.77, 95% CI 1.14–2.73; sensitization to inhalant allergens: ORQ4 1.69, 95% CI 0.70–4.11).Conclusion Early endotoxin exposure in terms of mattress dust endotoxin levels seemed to increase the risk of atopic reactions to inhalant allergens at the age of 2 years, especially in infants at risk due to parental atopy. Our data disagree with an early protective effect of endotoxin on atopy development until the age of 2 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01665.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    T cell reactivity in neonates from an East and a West German city – results of the LISA study (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Allergy 57 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Within an ongoing birth cohort study (LISA) the cytokine production of cord blood T cells was compared between neonates from Leipzig (East Germany) and Munich (West Germany). The aim of this study was to analyse regional differences and influencing factors of the immune status. Methods: Cytokine production was measured in a randomly selected subgroup of 158 children from the LISA (Life style – Immune system – Allergy) cohort by intracellular cytokine staining. Information on family “atopy” history (FAH) and home characteristics was obtained from questionnaires. Results: Reduced numbers of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) producing T cells were found in association with biparental FAH and housing renovation during pregnancy. In addition, cytokine production was influenced by season. In Munich, the frequency of biparental FAH and of renovation measures during pregnancy was significantly higher as compared to Leipzig. Neonates from Munich showed significantly decreased amounts of IFN-γ and TNF-α and elevated levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) producing T cells. Differences in cytokine production between Munich and Leipzig were influenced by season (IL-4) and housing renovation (IFN-γ, TNF-α). Conclusions: Since differences in the T cell cytokine production of neonates in Munich and Leipzig are independent from FAH our findings may provide evidence for the impact of environmental factors upon the fetal immune system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0105-4538.2002.00001.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fatty acids in colostrum from mothers of children at high risk of atopy in relation to clinical and laboratory signs of allergy in the first year of life (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 59 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:  It remains controversial whether fatty acid (FA) composition of breast milk relates to development of atopy in the infant. This study evaluates FA in colostrum from mothers of children at high risk of atopy in association with atopy at the age of 1 year.Methods:  The FA of colostrum were analyzed for 218 children (60 with low birth weight between 1500 and 2500 g, 84 with a history of maternal atopy, and 74 with an elevated cord blood immunoglobulin (Ig)E of 〉0.9 IU/ml). Total lipids were extracted, methylated and separated by gas–liquid chromatography. Laboratory screening for allergic sensitization and clinical examination took place within the Leipzig Allergy Risk Children's Study (LARS).Results:  Low birth weight was correlated with low percentage levels of 20:2n-6, 22:2n-6, and 22:3n-3 (r = 0.14, P 〈 0.05; r = 0.14, P 〈 0.05 and r = 0.20, P 〈 0.01, respectively) and low gestational age at birth was correlated with low 22:3n-3 (r = 0.15, P 〈 0.05). There was no association between FA and atopic eczema at the age of 1 year. However, high linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) was linked to high specific IgE against cow's milk protein (P 〈 0.05), and low docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) was associated with elevated total serum IgE (P 〈 0.05) at the age of 1 year, respectively.Conclusions:  The polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of colostrum in a high risk newborn population shows associations with atopic sensitization at the age of 1 year and may be predictive for later atopic disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2003.00429.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Health impacts of second-hand exposure to cat allergen Fel d 1 in infants (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 58 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Recent cross-sectional studies suggested that highest sensitization prevalences occur with moderate cat allergen exposures. We aimed to assess the impact of moderate levels of second-hand cat allergen exposure on the incidence of specific sensitization and wheezing in the framework of a birth cohort study. Therefore we restricted our analysis to infants without a cat at home since birth.Methods: At infant's age 3 months, cat allergen levels were measured in the mattress dust of 1840 families without cats. At age 2 years, serum IgE specific to Fel d 1 was analyzed. Incidence of wheezing apart from respiratory infection was assessed by questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) for the association between second-hand cat allergen exposure and health outcomes.Results: Until age 2 years, 13 of 1301 infants (1%) were sensitized to cat allergen and 56 of 1492 infants (4%) had ever-wheezing without infection. Early exposure to second-hand cat allergen levels ≥ 1 µg/g dust increased substantially the risk for specific sensitization to Fel d 1 (OR 10.9, 95% CI 3.4–35.0) and ever-wheeze without infection (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1–3.9) at age 2 years.Conclusions: Second-hand exposure to cat allergen in homes without cats is detrimental in terms of allergy development in infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2003.00037.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Levels and predictors of endotoxin in mattress dust samples from East and West German homes (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 14 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00244.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis – report of eight patients (1998)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 14 (1998), S. 195-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Children ; Chronic ; multifocal osteomyelitis ; Recurrence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The authors undertook a retrospective review of the clinical records and radiologic findings of eight children with chronic, recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). This disease is a recognized clinicopathologic entity with typical radiographic findings, mostly in the metaphyses of the long bones. The diagnosis is one of exclusion without pathognomonic findings. The patients were treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. There was no evidence of altered bone growth or abnormal joint development. It is concluded that CRMO is a distinct clinical entity that is different from acute or subacute bacterial osteomyelitis. Recognition of this condition is important to avoid treatment with antibiotics and repeated operations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003830050485
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