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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term enhancement of REM sleep by the pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the pontine reticular formation of the rat (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 11 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In rats, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep can be elicited by microinjection of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) into the oral pontine reticular nucleus (PnO). In the present study, we investigated whether this area could also be a REM-promoting target for a peptide closely related to VIP: the pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). When administered into the posterior part of the PnO, but not in nearby areas, of freely moving chronically implanted rats, PACAP-27 and PACAP-38 (0.3 and 3 pmol) induced a marked enhancement (60–85% over baseline) of REM sleep for 8 h that could be prevented by prior infusion of the antagonist PACAP-(6–27) (3 pmol) into the same site. Moreover, injections of PACAP into the centre of the posterior PnO resulted in REM sleep enhancement which could last for up to 11 consecutive days. Quantitative autoradiography using [125I]PACAP-27 revealed the presence in the PnO of specific binding sites with high affinity for PACAP-27 and PACAP-38 (IC50 = 2.4 and 3.2 nm, respectively), but very low affinity for VIP (IC50 〉 1 μm). These data suggest that PACAP within the PnO may play a key role in REM sleep regulation, and provide evidence for long-term (several days) mechanisms involved in such a control. PAC1 receptors which have a much higher affinity for PACAP than for VIP might mediate this long-term action of PACAP on REM sleep.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00811.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Muscarinic and PACAP receptor interactions at pontine level in the rat: significance for REM sleep regulation (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 12 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cholinergic and PACAPergic systems within the oral pontine reticular nucleus (PnO) play a critical role in REM sleep generation in rats. In this present work, we have investigated whether REM sleep enhancement induced by carbachol (a cholinergic agonist) or PACAP, depends on an interaction between muscarinic and PACAP receptors. This hypothesis was tested by recording sleep–wake cycles in freely moving rats injected into the PnO with PACAP in combination with the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine, or with carbachol in combination with the PACAP receptor antagonist PACAP6-27. When administered alone, PACAP (3 pmol) or carbachol (110 pmol) induced an enhancement of REM sleep during 8 h (+61%, n = 8; +70%, n = 5), which was totally prevented by infusion of atropine (290 pmol) for PACAP, or of PACAP6-27 (3 pmol) for carbachol. Quantitative autoradiographic studies indicated that (i) PACAP (10−9−10−7 m) induced in the PnO an increase (+35%) of the specific binding of the muscarinic antagonist [3H]quinuclidinyl benzylate, which could be completely prevented by PACAP6-27 (IC50 = 8 × 10−8 m) and (ii) both carbachol and PACAP enhanced [35S]GTP-γ-S binding in a concentration-dependent manner in the PnO. The maximal increase due to carbachol was significantly higher in the presence (+126%) than in the absence (+102%) of PACAP (0.1 µm). These data showed that interactions between muscarinic and PACAP receptors do exist within the PnO and play a role in the local mechanisms of REM sleep control in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2000.01345.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of an additional boundary condition on the plane creeping flow of a second-order fluid
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 24 (1989), S. 561-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7462
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0020-7462(89)90020-6
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical modelling of viscous non-Newtonian effects in lubricating systems (1985)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 5 (1985), S. 831-845 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Non-Newtonian ; Finite Element Method ; Optimal Control ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Modern lubricants often exhibit shear-thinning due to the presence of high molecular weight polymers as additives. Therefore the influence of such non-Newtonian effects on the performances of lubricating systems must be predicted. The corresponding fluid film flow is governed by a non-linear partial differential equation, which generalizes the classical Reynolds equation. Having prescribed adequate boundary conditions, this equation is solved by a finite element method with optimal control. The problem of the square slider bearing lubricated by the Rabinowitsch fluid is solved in order to test the accuracy of the numerical scheme. The pressure and velocity fields are given and compared with the corresponding ones obtained for the Newtonian fluid.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650050906
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