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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Global sustainability: Toward definition (1987)
    Springer
    Environmental management 11 (1987), S. 713-719 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Global sustainability ; Ecologically sustainable development ; Sustainable use of the biosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sustainability is increasingly viewed as a desired goal of development and environmental management. This term has been used in numerous disciplines and in a variety of contexts, ranging from the concept of maximum sustainable yield in forestry and fisheries management to the vision of a sustainable society with a steady-state economy. The meaning of the term is strongly dependent on the context in which it is applied and on whether its use is based on a social, economic, or ecological perspective, Sustainability may be defined broadly or narrowly, but a useful definition must specify explicitly the context as well as the temporal and spatial scales being considered. Although societies differ in their conceptualizations of sustainability, indefinite human survival on a global scale requires certain basic support systems, which can be maintained only with a healthy environment and a stable human population. A clearer understanding of global sustainability and the development of appropriate indicators of the status of basic support systems would provide a useful framework for policy making.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867238
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Global sustainability: Toward measurement (1988)
    Springer
    Environmental management 12 (1988), S. 133-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Global sustainability ; Indicators ; Measurement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The widespread interest in the concept of sustainable environment and development has been accompanied by the need to develop useful systems of measurement. We discuss the use of indicators which might be used to assess such conditions. Our characteristics, or criteria, for desirable global sustainability indicators are: sensitivity to change in time sensitivity to change across space or within groups predictive ability availability of reference or threshold values ability to measure reversibility or controllability appropriate data transformation integrative ability relative ease of collection and use We discuss the basis of these characteristics, and examine two categories of indicators (soil erosion and population) and two specific indicators (physical quality of life index and energy imports as a percentage of consumption) for their value as sustainability measures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01873382
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seed Ecology of Woody Species in a Caribbean Dry Forest (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Restoration ecology 2 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Peak flowering activity among woody species in the tropical dry forests of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, coincided with the brief spring rainy season but continued at moderate levels for six months, abating with the autumn rains. Fruit maturation showed a major peak in the long winter dry season and a minor crest during the summer dry season. Seeds of wind-dispersed species disseminated mainly during the winter dry season, while animal dispersal of seeds (74% of all woody species) followed the bimodal pattern (for wet and dry seasons) described for the community as a whole. Under shadehouse conditions, most dry forest tree species germinated well (〉 80%) and emerged promptly (within four weeks of planting) and synchronously (90% emergence within a four-week interval). Nine of 29 species tested in the shadehouse manifested dormancy of at least six weeks. Seed germinability varied among tree species, and the viability of most species began to decline following six months of dry storage. Few species retained high germinability after nine months of dry storage. The species composition of soil seed banks did not correspond closely with above-ground communities on three forested sites of varying stand age. In the youngest stand (35 years old), dominated by the weedy, arborescent legume Leucaena leucocephala, the soil seed bank was also dominated by this species, but no seeds of any other tree species were found in the soil samples. Seeds of native trees were scarcely encountered (only one indigenous species) in soil seed bank samples of three forest sites. Local seed rain from less disturbed forest may not be sufficient for prompt recovery of the dry forest community on degraded sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.1994.tb00063.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restoring Caribbean Dry Forests: Evaluation of Tree Propagation Techniques (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Restoration ecology 3 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Survival and height growth of tree seedlings and rooted cuttings introduced into artificially shaded and unshaded plots in a degraded dry forest were measured at intervals for nine months. Ten tree species were selected to represent a range of ecological characteristics of the dry–forest plant community on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Of three propagule types – seeds, seedlings, and rooted cuttings – introduced to field plots, seedlings survived best (52%) over the initial nine-month period. Cuttings of six species rooted successfully in a shadehouse, but only two of these species survived the nine–month field experiment. Seed germination was low, under 11% for eight of ten species tested, and four species did not germinate. Subsequent mortality of seedling recruits was moderately high. Plumeria alba was the only species for which seedling height growth was not significantly greater than cutting height growth. Shading treatment (25% of full sun) significantly increased seedling survivorship (p= 0.03) but suppressed growth slightly for some species. Shading enhanced survival of seedlings produced from broadcast seeds, but not seed germination. Mortality occurred during dry periods, apparently from drought stress. Results suggest (1) that seedling introductions are the preferred propagule type (over seeding or rooted cuttings) for ecological restoration of degraded tropical dry forests, and (2) that some level of shading is required to increase the survivorship of many dry-forest species or to avert complete mortality of some species. This study suggests that early secondary dry forest may be best restored by underplanting within the existing vegetation. Sufficient shading suitable for growth of native dry-forest trees may be attained using a nurse crop of fast-growing leguminous trees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.1995.tb00081.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecophysiology of exotic and native shrubs in Southern Wisconsin (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 80 (1989), S. 356-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Carbon gain ; Exotic shrubs ; Leaf longevity ; Photosynthesis ; Understory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We compared seasonal trends in photosynthesis of two naturalized exotic shrubs (Rhamnus cathartica and Lonicera X bella) and two native shrubs (Cornus racemosa and Prunus serotina) in open and understory habitats in southern Wisconsin. We examined the relationships between resource availability and leaf photosynthetic performance in these four species. All four species had similar relationships between leaf nitrogen (N) content and photosynthetic rate, but the species differed in absolute leaf N content and therefore in photosynthetic rates. Maximum daily photosynthetic rates of all species were significantly correlated with leaf N content in the open habitat, but not in the understory, where low light availability was the major limitation to photosynthesis. Extended leaf longevity was important in the forest understory because it allowed shrubs to take advantage of high light availability at times when the overstory canopy was leafless. Early leaf emergence was more important than late senescence: from 27% to 35% of the annual carbon gain of P. serotina, R. cathartica, and L. X bella occurred prior to leaf emergence of C. racemosa, the species with the shortest leaf life span. Extended leaf longevity of exotic shrubs may help explain their persistence in the understory habitat, but it contributed relatively less to their annual carbon gain in the open habitat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379037
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecophysiology of exotic and native shrubs in Southern Wisconsin (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 80 (1989), S. 368-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Aboveground growth ; Carbon gain ; Exotic shrubs ; Leaf area ; Shrub productivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this study we compared the aboveground growth rates of two exotic shrubs (Rhamnus cathartica and Lonicera X bella) and two native shrubs (Cornus racemosa and Prunus serotina) that are important in southern Wisconsin hardwood forests. For all species except P. serotina, aboveground growth rates in an open habitat were greater than in an understory environment. Growth rates differed among species in the open habitat and were significantly correlated with woody production per unit leaf area. All species had greater leaf area per unit wood biomass in the understory than in the open habitat. A comparison of above-ground growth and annual carbon gain suggests much greater respiratory costs in the open habitat, especially for P. serotina. The data from this study were used to examine mechanisms of species response to different light availabilities. We found that the species that increased their production per unit leaf area in response to increased light did not increase their leaf area per unit wood biomass in response to low light, and vice versa. Production of proportionately high leaf area may be important for the growth of C. racemosa in low light.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379038
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