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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 1 (1999), S. 611-648 
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transgenic and eugenic animals as small as 30 g can be studied noninvasively by radionuclides with resolutions of 1-2 mm, by MRI with resolution of 100 mum and by light fluorescence and bioluminescence with high sensitivities. The technologies of radionuclide emission, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, optical tomography, optical fluorescence and optical bioluminescence are currently being applied to small-animal studies. These technologies and examples of their applications are reviewed in this chapter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Following induction of acute neuroinflammation by intracisternal injection of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) in rats, quantitative autoradiography was used to assess the regional level of microglial activation and glutamate (NMDA) receptor binding. The possible protective action of the antioxidant phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone in this model was tested by administering the drug in the drinking water for 6 days starting 24 hafter endotoxin injection. Animals were killed 7 days post-injection and consecutive cryostat brain sections labeled with [3H]PK11195 as a marker of activated microglia and [125I]iodoMK801 as a marker of the open-channel, activated state of NMDA receptors. Lipopolysaccharide increased [3H]PK11195 binding in the brain, with the largest increases (two- to threefold) in temporal and entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and substantia innominata. A significant (〉 50%) decrease in [125I]iodoMK801 binding was found in the same brain regions. Phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone treatment resulted in a partial inhibition (approx. 25% decrease) of the lipopolysaccharide-induced increase in [3H]PK11195 binding but completely reversed the lipopolysaccharide-induced decrease in [125I]iodoMK80 binding in the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and substantia innominata. Loss of NMDA receptor function in cortical and hippocampal regions may contribute to the cognitive deficits observed in diseases with a neuroinflammatory component, such as meningitis or Alzheimer's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Emission computerized axial tomography is achievable in any nuclear medicine department from multiple gamma camera views. Data are collected by rotating the patient in front of the camera. A simple fast algorithm is implemented, known as the convolution technique: first the projection data are Fourier transformed and then an original filter designed for optimizing resolution and noise suppression is applied; finally the inverse transform of the latter operation is back-projected. This program, which can also take into account the attenuation for single photon events, was executed with good results on phantoms and patients. We think that it can be easily implemented for specific diagnostic problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 11 (1984), S. 557-561 
    ISSN: 0306-042X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Natural differences in 13C/12C ratios of various metabolic fuels can produce systematic changes in the 13C/12C ratio of breath CO2, and therefore introduce errors into 13CO2 breath tests. To gain insight into the potential problem, we compared 13C/12C ratios of plasma macronutrients to those of breath CO2 under conditions that should alter the percentages of carbohydrate and lipid being oxidized. In rats, 48 h of starvation decreased the 13C/12C ratio of breath CO2 by 3.5‰. At this time the 13C/12C ratio of breath CO2 was very similar to that of plasma lipids. In humans, 30 min of heavy exercise increased the breath 13CO2/12CO2 ratio by 1.3‰. These changes in breath 13C/12C ratios could be predicted from 13C/12C ratios of plasma macronutrients and the percentage of carbon dioxide derived from each macronutrient, but only when compared within the same populations. For example, the 13C/12C ratios of plasma macronutrients of residents of Chicago, Illinois (USA) and Tokyo (Japan) differed by 1-3‰. An empirical correction of 13CO2 breath test data is recommended when breath tests are run under conditions that will change metabolic fuel utilization.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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