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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conservation of the central MHC genome: PFGE mapping and RFLP analysis of complement, HSP70, and TNF genes in the goat (1990)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 31 (1990), S. 253-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A degree of conservation of the genes located between class II and class I [central major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes] is apparent among mammalian species including primates and the mouse. Few others have been analyzed. The caprine MHC is of particular interest, since it has recently been observed that susceptibility to a lentivirus-induced polyarthritis (caprine arthritis) segregates with serologically defined MHC class I antigens. This arthritis resembles, in a number of respects, rheumatoid arthritis in man. Human cDNA probes were used to examine the caprine central MHC and class I and II genes by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in order to define the polymorphism and linkage of central MHC genes to class I and class II genes. An outbred population of dairy goats (Saanen, British Alpine, Anglo Nubian, and Toggenberg) was examined for class I and class II RFLPs. Both regions were found to be highly polymorphic. The number of fragments hybridizing to an HLA-B7 probe after Eco RI, Bam HI, Bgl II, or Hind III digestion suggests there may be 10–13 class I genes. The degree of polymorphism was comparable to that reported in the mouse. Limited polymorphism was found in the central MHC genes. The caprine C4 and CYP21 genes were duplicated and demonstrated RFLP with Bam HI, Hind III, Eco RV, and Taq I. An infrequent Taq I C2 polymorphism was found. PFGE revealed substantial conservation of both the order and linkage of the central MHC genes when compared with mous and man. C4, C2, CYP21, HSP70, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) genes are all located within 800 kilobase (kb) of the class I loci. Distant from the class I region, the C4, C2, and CYP21 genes are linked on a short genomic segment (180 kb Not I and 190 kb Pvu I fragments). HSP70 cohybridizes with the complement genes on a 380 kb Mlu I fragment. Linkage of HSP70, TNF, and class I genes was found on a single Not I fragment (610 kb). TNF and class I cohybridize on Pvu I (730 kb) and Not I (610 kb) fragments. Conservation of a similar central MHC genomic structure across species argues for functional interaction between the central MHC genes. We postulate selection for these central MHC genes through their role as non antigen-specific regulators of immune response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204897
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CHARACTERIZATION OF MHC ANCESTRAL HAPLOTYPES ASSOCIATED WITH INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS: EVIDENCE FOR INVOLVEMENT OF NON-HLA GENES (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 17 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is associated with several DR3- or DR4-containing ancestral haplotypes (AHs). Using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), long range maps of 35 haplotypes have been derived and classified. Two diabetogenic DR3-containing AHs (8.1 and 18.2) possess deletions in the central non-HLA region; these have not been found on non-diabetogenic AHs tested to date. In addition, 8.1 and 18.2 also carry other deletions not found on other AHs. Three DR4 containing AH lack a Not 1 site, which may imply excision of an unidentified gene. These and other data suggest that deletions may be relevant to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, possibly through causing quantitative differences in autoimmune responses involved in IDDM. The MHC contains several regions of potential interest in relation to susceptibility to IDDM; these may explain the association with only certain DR3- and DR4-carrying AH and DR3,4 heterozygosity in terms of cis and trans interactions. On the other hand, the class I1 region may be particularly important in protection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1990.tb00889.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CD4 is expressed by epidermal Langerhans' cells predominantly as covalent dimers (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Experimental dermatology 12 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract:  Langerhans' cells (LC) of skin are CD4 expressing, dendritic, antigen-presenting cells, that are essential for activation of primary immune responses and are productively infected by HIV. We have shown previously that lymphocytes and monocytes express CD4 both as monomers and covalently linked homodimers. In those cells the 55-kDa monomer structure predominates. LC in un-fractionated human epidermal cell (EC) suspension also expresses both forms of CD4, but in EC the dimer form is predominant. Because isolation of LC into single cell suspension by trypsin, as is routinely used for LC isolation, degrades CD4, a systematic study for an alternate procedure for LC isolation was performed. Thus it was found that collagenase blend F treatment can efficiently release LC into suspension, under conditions of only minimal degradation of control soluble recombinant CD4 or CEM-T4 or THP-1 cell CD4, or importantly of LC surface CD4. SDS–PAGE immunoblotting of purified LC extracted from EC by collagenase confirmed CD4 structure as predominantly 110-kDa dimers, with only minimal 55-kDa monomers. The suitability of LC prepared thus for functional studies was demonstrated with binding of functional ligand HIV gp120. It remains to be determined, however, why tissue embedded LC express mainly CD4 dimers, but single-celled blood lymphocytes and monocytes mainly monomers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0625.2003.00078.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The uptake of horseradish peroxidase by cortical synapses in rat brain (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 355-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Synaptic vesicles ; Coated vesicles ; Cisternae ; Cerebral cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was introduced directly into the cerebral cortex of adult rats, which were allowed to survive for 60 min before perfusion fixation. After the tissue had been incubated to demonstrate HRP at the LM and EM levels, blocks of cortical tissue were taken at varying distances from the injection site. These eight blocks of tissue constituted a time sequence for HRP diffusion. Qualitative examination of the presynaptic terminals showed that the most commonly encountered profiles are the plain synaptic vesicles, many of which accumulate tracer. In some terminals labelled vesicles are “lined-up” in tubular fashion. Other profiles commonly labelled are coated vesicles, tubular and vacuolar cisternae, and plain and coated pinocytotic vesicles. Quantitative analyses based on the number of terminals containing labelled profiles demonstrate an early rise in the rate of labelling of both plain synaptic vesicles and coated vesicles, after which synaptic vesicle labelling rises slowly towards a plateau. By contrast, there is a late parallel increase in the rate of labelling of coated vesicles and cisternae. A more detailed analysis, based on the actual numbers of labelled and total profiles within each presynaptic terminal, highlight early and late periods of rapid labelling for plain synaptic vesicles, coated vesicles and cisternae. A further aspect of HRP incorporation studied, concerns its uptake into four delineated regions of the presynaptic terminal. Our data indicate that membrane uptake into the presynaptic terminal is accomplished mainly via coated vesicles, although plain synaptic vesicles may also be involved. Coated vesicles, in turn, appear to give rise directly to plain synaptic vesicles, with some coalescing to produce vacuolar cisternae. The latter are involved in a two-way interchange of membrane with tubular cisternae, plain synaptic vesicles and coated vesicles. An additional source of plain synaptic vesicles are the tubular cisternae. Exocytosis of plain synaptic vesicles constitutes the mechanism by which transmitter is released from the presynaptic terminal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218700
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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