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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prenatal exposure to methylmercury alters locomotor activity of male but not female rats (1997)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 117 (1997), S. 428-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Methylmercury ; Locomotor activity ; Dopamine ; d-Amphetamine ; Tyrosine hydroxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In the present study the neurotoxic effects of a low dosage (0.5 mg/kg per day) of methylmercury (MeHg) on the developing nervous system were investigated. Pregnant rats were treated with MeHg from day 7 of pregnancy to day 7 of lactation. Locomotor activity (locomotion, rearing, and motility) and spatial learning ability were tested in the offspring at 6 months of age. The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was examined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. A significant decrease in spontaneous motility and rearing was observed only in the MeHg-treated male rats. After administration of a low dose of d-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) no differences could be observed between control and MeHg-treated male rats, suggesting that changes in dopaminergic transmission were involved. However, no change in TH messenger RNA expression was observed. No changes in spatial learning acquisition or memory were shown in MeHg-treated rats. Taken together, these findings show that during development a very low dosage of MeHg exerts neurotoxic effects detectable in adulthood, and that susceptibility is gender-dependent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050237
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurotrophins and their Receptors in the Adult Hypo- and Hyperthyroid Rat after Kainic Acid Injection: an In Situ Hybridization Study (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 8 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Thyroid hormone plays a key role in trophic events during development of the central nervous system. In spite of neurological and psychiatric symptoms associated with adult hypothyroidism, the role of thyroid hormone in mature brain function is less clear. In this paper we investigated the effect of thyroid status on kainic acid-induced up-regulation of mRNAs for members of the nerve growth factor family and related receptors in adult male rats by means of in situ hybridization. We found that in hypothyroid rats there is a dramatic attenuation of the kainic acid-induced up-regulation of mRNA levels for nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase trkB in euthyroid rats. A trend to reduced c-fos mRNA up-regulation, which did not reach significance, was also found, whereas the increase in c-jun mRNA after kainic acid was similar in eu-, hypo- and hyperthyroid rats. These data indicate a severe impairment of the regulation of neurotrophin synthesis after excitotoxin administration in the hippocampus during adult hypothyroidism. Possible roles of thyroid hormone in molecular, biochemical and metabolic mechanisms of this defect are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01331.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Androgen treatment of neonatal rats decreases susceptibility of cerebellar granule neurons to oxidative stress in vitro (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 11 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Oxidative stress has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases. There is substantial evidence indicating that gonadal hormones can affect neuronal cell survival via both a genomic as well as a non-genomic mode of action. In the present study, the potential protective activity of testosterone on neuronal cells was investigated by using an in vitro/ex vivo model. Cerebellar granule cells (CGC) were prepared from 7-day-old rats which had been treated with a single dose of oil or testosterone propionate on postnatal day 3. After 7 days in culture, cells were exposed to oxidative challenges, including hydrogen peroxide and the nitric oxide donor S-nitrosocysteine (SNOC), which can induce CGC death via apoptosis. Colchicine, which causes apoptosis via a different mechanism, was also used. The cells were monitored for apoptotic morphology by propidium iodide and TUNEL staining. Additionally, the presence of chromatin fragmentation was determined. CGC obtained from testosterone-treated rats were found to be more resistant to hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide toxicity, as shown by a 75 and 45% decrease in apoptotic cells, respectively. In contrast, the susceptibility to colchicine was not modified. As CGC from testosterone-treated pups were selectively protected from oxidative stress, different components of the antioxidant defence systems were analysed. A twofold increase in the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase was found in the CGC prepared from testosterone-treated rats. These results suggest that in vivo treatment with androgens render CGC less vulnerable to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by potentiating antioxidant defences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00529.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor in cerebellar granule cells exposed to neurotoxic agents inducing oxidative stress (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 16 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have previously shown that the neurotoxic compounds colchicine, methylmercury (MeHg) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) cause apoptosis in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells (CGC), characterized by nuclear condensation and high-molecular weight DNA fragmentation. However, only colchicine triggers the activation of caspases, suggesting that factors other than caspase-activated DNase (CAD) are responsible for DNA cleavage in the other two models. Here we report that the two agents that cause oxidative stress, MeHg (1 µm) and H2O2 (50 µm), induce translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from the mitochondria to the nucleus in CGC. Our data suggest that, in absence of caspase activity, AIF translocation could be a key event leading to chromatin condensation and DNA degradation in CGC exposed to MeHg and H2O2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02269.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation during colchicine-induced apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 11 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The microtubule-disrupting agent colchicine is known to be neurotoxic toward certain neuronal populations including cerebellar granule cells (CGCs). In this study we investigated the involvement of cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation during colchicine-induced CGC apoptosis. Treatment of rat CGCs with 1 μm colchicine (for up to 24 h) caused high molecular weight DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation. An involvement of group II caspases (which includes caspase-3) was demonstrated by the proteolytic degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) after 18 h exposure to colchicine. Colchicine induced a time-dependent increase in Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-α-(4-methyl-coumaryl-7-amide) (DEVD-MCA) cleavage activity in CGCs, which was blocked with a specific, peptide-based, aldehyde inhibitor of group II caspases, i.e. DEVD-CHO. We also observed a time-dependent proteolysis of caspase-3 as judged by the appearance of p17 which is one of the subunits of active caspase-3. Activation of caspase-3 during colchicine-induced apoptosis may be mediated by cytochrome c since there was a close correlation between the time courses of cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and of caspase-3 activation. Furthermore, colchicine-induced apoptosis, as assessed by propidium iodide visualization of the nuclei, could be blocked by the caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp (O-methyl) fluoromethyl ketone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00512.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide/Peptide Histidine Isoleucine-Immunoreactive Neuron Systems in the Basal Hypothalamus of a Rat Strain with Deficient Prolactin Release in Response to Stress (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 4 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: There is evidence for involvement of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) in control of prolactin secretion. In fact VIP- and PHI-like immunoreactivities have been demonstrated in the hypotha/amic paraventricular nucleus and at the median eminence level. Using immunohistochemistry we have compared the distribution of immunoreactive VIP and PHI in the hypothalamus of male Sprague-Dawley rats and BS rats, a rat strain which has a deficient release of prolactin after stressful stimuli. Quantitative information was obtained by radioimmunoassay for VIP. VIP- and PHI-positive cell bodies were found in the parvocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus in colchicine-treated rats and in nerve fibres within the median eminence of untreated rats to the same extent in both strains. Furthermore, intravenous injection of VIP caused a significant increase in serum prolactin tevets in both strains. However, at the median eminence level in BS rats, the blood vessels located in the lateral aspects of the median eminence did not show the dense VIP/PHI innervation seen in Sprague-Dawley rats. Also, a thick VIP/PHI-positive nerve bundle present on the surface of the median eminence of Sprague-Dawley rats could not be seen in BS rats. Radioimmunoassay analysis revealed that VIP levels in the median eminence were twice as high in Sprague-Dawley as compared to BS rats. Taken together, these results suggest that the defect in the prolactin release mechanism present in BS rats is not confined to the paraventricular system or the pituitary, but could be due to a deficit in VIP/PHI in fibres associated with portal vessels at the median eminence level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.1992.tb00344.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical analysis of the effects of cysteamine on somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 8 (1987), S. 371-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Coexistence ; Cysteamine ; Drug effects ; Dynorphin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Microfluorimetry ; Peptides ; Somatostatin
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0196-9781(87)90114-8
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the role of PHI and VIP in neuroendocrine function
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Regulatory Peptides 26 (1989), S. 147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0167-0115
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167-0115(89)90022-0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for the occurrence of an enkephalin-like peptide in adrenaline and noradrenaline neurons of the rat medulla oblongata (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 74 (1989), S. 631-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Coexistence ; Catecholamines ; NPY ; Peptide ; Neurotransmitters ; Brain stem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to analyze the catecholaminergic neurons in the medulla oblongata of the rat for the presence of enkephalin (ENK) — and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity (LI). In colchicine pretreated animals, using a double staining technique with mouse and rabbit antibodies against ENK and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), it was demonstrated that both TH-and ENK-LI occurred in the same neurons, particularly in many neurons of the A1 noradrenaline cell group. In the transition zone to the C1 adrenaline cell group, a proportion of PNMT-positive cells also contained ENK-LI. In the rostral and mid portion of the C1 group only few TH/PNMT-positive cells were found to be ENK-positive. In the noradrenergic A2 region, a moderate number of cell bodies also contained TH plus ENK-LI, whereas only a few of the adrenaline cells of the C2 and C3 groups showed ENK-LI. In addition, with an elution restaining technique it was possible to demonstrate that several of the cells containing TH-and ENK-LI were also positive for NPY-LI. The present findings demonstrate that a subpopulation of the catecholaminergic neurons in the medulla oblongata of the rat is ENK positive, thereby indicating a possible co-release of the two compounds in their projection areas, for example the paraventricular nucleus and the spinal cord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247366
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coexistence of glucocorticoid receptor-like immunoreactivity with neuropeptides in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Steroid receptor ; CRF ; Neurotensin ; Enkephalin ; CCK ; PHI ; VIP ; Somatostatin ; TRH ; Dopamine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Arcuate nucleus ; Hormones ; Neurosecretion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of male albino rats was analyzed for the presence of glucocorticoid receptor-like immunoreactivity (GR-LI) in neuropeptide containing neurons. Using immunohistochemistry, coronal sections trough the entire PVN were double-stained with a mouse monoclonal antibody against GR and one of the following antisera: rabbit antiserum to corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), neurotensin (NT), enkephalin (ENK), cholecystokinin (CCK), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), galanin (GAL), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SOM) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). For comparison the occurrence of GR-LI in NT-, SOM-, NPY- or TH-positive neurons of the arcuate nucleus was also studied. Our results indicate that GR-LI is present in the parvocellular part of the PVN but not in its magnocellular portion. Virtually every parvocellular neuron in the PVN containing one of the above mentioned peptides was also positive for GR, with the exception of SOM neurons, of which only about two thirds showed detectable levels of GR-LI. All TH-positive, presumably dopamine neurons in the PVN were GR-positive. In the arcuate nucleus all TH- and NPY-positive neurons as well as a large proportion of the SOM- and NT-immunoreactive neurons contained GR-LI. The results indicate that in the PVN, in addition to the CRF neurons, certain peptidergic neurons in the parvocellular part of the PVN, without any established role in the control of ACTH synthesis and release, may also be under glucocorticoid control. This seems to be the case also for most arcuate neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230684
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