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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endosymbiotic origin and codon bias of the nuclear gene for chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from maize (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 26 (1987), S. 320-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: cDNAs ; GAPDH evolutionary tree ; Horizontal gene transfer ; Coding strategies ; Monocotyledons ; Dicotyledons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nuclei of plant cells harbor genes for two types of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPDH) displaying a sequence divergence corresponding to the prokaryote/eukaryote separation. This strongly supports the endosymbiotic theory of chloroplast evolution and in particular the gene transfer hypothesis suggesting that the gene for the chloroplast enzyme, initially located in the genome of the endosymbiotic chloroplast progenitor, was transferred during the course of evolution into the nuclear genome of the endosymbiotic host. Codon usage in the gene for chloroplast GAPDH of maize is radically different from that employed by present-day chloroplasts and from that of the cytosolic (glycolytic) enzyme from the same cell. This reveals the presence of subcellular selective pressures which appear to be involved in the optimization of gene expression in the economically important graminaceous monocots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02101150
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary Origin of Cryptomonad Microalgae: Two Novel Chloroplast/Cytosol-Specific GAPDH Genes as Potential Markers of Ancestral Endosymbiont and Host Cell Components (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 44 (1997), S. S028 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words:Pyrenomonas salina, Guillardia theta— Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase — Endosymbiotic gene transfer — Signal peptide — Enzyme engineering — Cell evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Cryptomonads are complex microalgae which share characteristics of chromophytes (chlorophyll c, extra pair of membranes surrounding the plastids) and rhodophytes (phycobiliproteins). Unlike chromophytes, however, they contain a small nucleus-like organelle, the nucleomorph, in the periplastidial space between the inner and outer plastid membrane pairs. These cellular characteristics led to the suggestion that cryptomonads may have originated via a eukaryote–eukaryote endosymbiosis between a phagotrophic host cell and a unicellular red alga, a hypothesis supported by rRNA phylogenies. Here we characterized cDNAs of the nuclear genes encoding chloroplast and cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPDH) from the two cryptomonads Pyrenomonas salina and Guillardia theta. Our results suggest that in cryptomonads the classic Calvin cycle GAPDH enzyme of cyanobacterial origin, GapAB, is absent and functionally replaced by a photosynthetic GapC enzyme of proteobacterial descent, GapC1. The derived GapC1 precursor contains a typical signal/transit peptide of complex structure and sequence signatures diagnostic for dual cosubstrate specificity with NADP and NAD. In addition to this novel GapC1 gene a cytosol-specific GapC2 gene of glycolytic function has been found in both cryptomonads showing conspicuous sequence similarities to animal GAPDH. The present findings support the hypothesis that the host cell component of cryptomonads may be derived from a phototrophic rather than a organotrophic cell which lost its primary plastid after receiving a secondary one. Hence, cellular compartments of endosymbiotic origin may have been lost or replaced several times in eukaryote cell evolution, while the corresponding endosymbiotic genes (e.g., GapC1) were retained, thereby increasing the chimeric potential of the nuclear genome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00000050
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The evolutionary origin of red algae as deduced from the nuclear genes encoding cytosolic and chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases from Chondrus crispus (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 38 (1994), S. 319-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Molecular phylogeny of plastids and mitochondria ; Endosymbiotic origin ; Monophylesis ; Cyanobacteria ; Purple bacteria ; Transit peptide ; Neighbor joining method ; Bootstrapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Algae are a heterogeneous group of photosynthetic eukaryotes traditionally separated into three major subdivisions: rhodophytes, chlorophytes, and chromophytes. The evolutionary origin of rhodophytes or red algae and their links to other photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic eukaryotes have been a matter of much controversy and speculation. Here we present the first cDNAs of nuclear protein genes from red algae: Those encoding cytosolic and chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPDH) from Chondrus crispus. A phylogenetic analysis including GAPDH gene sequences from a number of eukaryotic taxa, cyanobacteria, and purple bacteria suggests that chloroplasts and rhodoplasts together form a monophyletic group of cyanobacterial descent and that rhodophytes separated from chlorophytes at about the same time as animals and fungi. The composite GAPDH tree further demonstrates that chloroplast and cytosolic GAPDH genes are closely related to their homologs in cyanobacteria and purple bacteria, respectively, the presumptive ancestors of chloroplasts and mitochondria, thereby firmly establishing the endosymbiotic origin of these nuclear genes and their fixation in eukaryotic cells before the rhodophyte/chlorophyte separation. The present data are in conflict with phylogenetic inferences based on plastid-encoded rbcL sequences supporting a polyphyletic origin of rhodoplasts and chloroplasts. Comparison of rbcL to GAPDH phylogenies suggests that rbcL trees may be misleading because they are composed of branches representing ancient duplicated (paralogous) genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00163149
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural features and phylogeny of the actin gene of Chondrus crispus (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) (1995)
    Springer
    Current genetics 28 (1995), S. 164-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chondrus crispus ; Actin ; Promoter region Intron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have characterized the cDNA and genomic sequences that encode actin from the multicellular red alga Chondrus crispus. Southern-blot analysis indicates that the C. crispus actin gene (ChAc) is present as a single copy. Northern analysis shows that, like the GapA gene, the actin gene is well expressed in gametophytes but weakly in protoplasts. Compared to actin genes of animals, fungi, green plants and oomycetes, that of C. crispus displays a higher evolutionary rate and does not show any of the amino-acid signatures characteristic of the other lineages. As previously described for GapA, ChAc is interrupted by a single intron at the beginning of the coding region. The site of initiation of transcription was characterized by RNAse protection. The promoter region displays a CAAT box but lacks a canonical TATA motif. Other noticeable features, such as a high content of pyrimidines as well as a 14-nt motif found in both the 5′-untranslated region and the intron, were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315783
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intron-specific stimulation of anaerobic gene expression and splicing efficiency in maize cells (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 251 (1996), S. 252-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Anaerobiosis ; Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; Introns ; Transientgene expression ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Most of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) genes characterized in plants and algae to date have one intron very close to the 5′ end of the gene. To study the functional relevance of some of these introns for gene expression we have analysed the influence of three 5′ introns on transient gene expression of the anaerobically inducible maize GapC4 promoter in maize cells. Under aerobic conditions, reporter gene expression is increased in the presence of the first introns of the GapC4 and GapC1 genes, and the first intron of the nuclear encoded chloroplast-specific GapA1 gene. In contrast, the GapC4 intron increases anaerobic gene expression above the level obtained for the intronless construct, while anaerobic expression of constructs harboring the GapA1 and GapC1 introns was similar to the anaerobic expression level of the intronless construct. Splicing analysis revealed that the GapC4 intron is processed more efficiently under anaerobic conditions, while no change in splicing efficiency is observed for the GapC1 and the GapA1 introns when subjected to anaerobic conditions. These results suggest that an increase in splicing efficiency contributes to the anaerobic induction of the maize GapC4 gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02172925
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Five identical intron positions in ancient duplicated genes of eubacterial origin (1994)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 367 (1994), S. 387-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Two introns strictly conserved in nuclear genes encoding chloroplast and cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPDH; Gap A/Gap B and GapC, respectively) have been generally regarded as strong evidence in favour of the 'introns early' hypothesis10, although the identity of intron ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/367387a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin of introns–early or late? (1994)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 369 (1994), S. 527-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] CERFF EI AL. REPLY - Logsdon/Palmer and Stoltzfus suggest that the five identical intron positions across chloroplast and cytosolic GAPDH genes (GapAlB and GapC, respectively) are best explained by parallel insertions at common target sites rather than by common ancestry. But if relatively late ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/369527a0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intron-dependent transient expression of the maize GapA1 gene (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 28 (1995), S. 667-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; promoter ; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transient expression experiments show that the maize GapA1 promoter exhibits a requirement for sequences contained within intron 1 and surrounding exon border regions for expression in maize Black Mexican Sweet cells. Maize GapA1-promoter constructs lacking intron 1 are inactive. Intron 1 and its exon border sequences, when reintroduced into constructs lacking introns, restore gene activity whereas intron 2 and its exon borders to not. The minimal promoter so defined encompasses roughly 250 bp upstream of the in vivo transcription start and appears also to include intron 1. An octameric sequence was identified in intron 1 of maize GapA1 which is similar to sequence motifs found in other maize introns known to increase transient expression. Partial restoration of gene expression in GapA1 constructs lacking intron 1 was achieved through insertion of the identified octameric sequence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021192
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transaldolase genes from the cyanobacteria Anabaena variabilis and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: comparison with other eubacterial and eukaryotic homologues (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: carbohydrate metabolism ; gene phylogeny ; oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway ; transaldolase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have sequenced and analysed the transaldolase (tal) genes from two cyanobacteria, Anabaena variabilis (ATCC 29413) and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, which are filamentous heterocyst-forming and unicellular organisms, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of the two cyanobacterial tal genes are 78% identical and are highly homologous to both eubacterial and eukaryotic transaldolases (Escherichia coli, two yeasts, and man) with values ranging from 54 to 60% amino acid identity. In contrast, the transaldolase homologous sequences from the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. ATCC 29133, from Mycobacterium leprae, and the partial sequence from the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana have a much lower degree of homology with each other and relative to the sequences mentioned above. These data indicate three different types of transaldolases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017817
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding the cytosolic precursors of subunits GapA and GapB of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from pea and spinach (1989)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 13 (1989), S. 81-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: beta-tubulin ; gene duplication ; isoenzyme interconversion ; molecular evolution ; phosphate translocator ; transit peptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is composed of two different subunits, GapA and GapB. cDNA clones containing the entire coding sequences of the cytosolic precursors for GapA from pea and for GapB from pea and spinach have been identified, sequenced and the derived amino acid sequences have been compared to the corresponding sequences from tobacco, maize and mustard. These comparisons show that GapB differs from GapA in about 20% of its amino acid residues and by the presence of a flexible and negatively charged C-terminal extension, possibly responsible for the observed association of the enzyme with chloroplast envelopes in vitro. This C-terminal extension (29 or 30 residues) may be susceptible to proteolytic cleavage thereby leading to a conversion of chloroplast GAPDH isoenzyme I into isoenzyme II. Evolutionary rate comparisons at the amino acid sequence level show that chloroplast GapA and GapB evolve roughly two-fold slower than their cytosolic counterpart GapC. GapA and GapB transit peptides evolve about 10 times faster than the corresponding mature subunits. They are relatively long (68 and 83 residues for pea GapA and spinach GapB respectively) and share a similar amino acid framework with other chloroplast transit peptides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027337
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