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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Säuglinge ; Kleinkinder ; Unfall ; Hospitalisierung ; Prävention ; Key words Infants ; Toddlers ; Accident ; Hospitalization ; Prevention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Background: Since the end of the 1960ies, accidents have been identified as the most common cause of mortality in children and account for considerable childhood morbidity in industrialized western countries. In contrast to traffic-related accidents in older children and adolescents, which were consequently registered and documented, no epidemiological data exist about home injuries and accidents during the first years of life in Germany. This report presents data on accident-related hospitalizations in a cohort of 10271 infants, who participated in a prospective vaccine efficacy trial in Germany from 1991 to 1994. Methods: From the time-point of study entry (at the age of 2–4 months) until the end of the study (December 15, 1994) study families were biweekly contacted by phone using a standardized questionnaire, asking for medically-relevant events and hospitalizations. Results: Overall 1598 hospitalizations in 1282 study children were reported. Accidents were responsible for 338 hospitalizations (21.2%) in 319 children (57.1% boys). Two children died (one after a traffic accident and another one after drowning); mortality was 0.6%. The peak accident incidence was at the age of 9–12 months with 22 events/1000 observation years. Most accidents occurred in May (10.9%) and September/October (11.8%). Thursday was the day on which most accidents occurred (n=61, 18.1%). 72.5% of all accidents (n=245) were caused by physical trauma of kinetic (n=227) or thermic nature (n=18). Only 12 accidents (3.5%) were traffic-related. Head trauma was the most frequent accident (n=193, 57.2%), followed by ingestions (n=79, 23.4%), injuries (n=20, 5.9%), extremity-fractures (n=19, 5.6%), scalds/burns (n=18, 5.3%) and aspirations (n=9, 2.6%). Overall 12.7% of all hospitalizations registered during the study period were accident-related. Mean duration of hospitalization ranged from 1.3±1.2/1.9±1.8 d (ingestions, injuries) to 9.8±8.3/11.4±11.8 d (burns/scalds/fractures of the extremities). Children without siblings, cared by one parent showed the lowest, children with more than two siblings in families with four or more adults showed the highest accident rate (1.6 vs. 4.4%). Conclusion: Accidents in infants and toddlers represent an important, although generally underestimated childhood morbidity factor with higher incidence rates but lower mortality compared to accidents in older children.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Seit dem Ende der 60er Jahre gehören Unfälle in den westlichen Industrienationen zu den häufigsten Ursachen kindlicher Morbidität und Mortalität. Während sich Unfälle bei älteren Kindern und Jugendlichen meist im Straßenverkehr ereignen und konsequent erfaßt bzw. dokumentiert werden, gibt es für Unfälle im Säuglings- und Kleinkindesalter, die sich bevorzugt bei häuslichen Aktivitäten ereignen, keine aktuellen epidemiologischen Daten in Deutschland. Im Rahmen einer Studie zur Wirksamkeit einer azellulären Pertussisvakzine konnten wir zwischen 1991 und 1994 prospektiv die Häufigkeit unfallbedingter Hospitalisierungen bei 10.271 Säuglingen und Kleinkindern in Deutschland erfassen und analysieren. Methode: In regelmäßigen 2wöchentlichen Telefoninterviews wurden die Sorgeberechtigten vom Zeitpunkt des Studienbeitritts (im Alter von 2–4 Monaten) bis zum Studienende (15. Dezember 1994) prospektiv über medizinisch bedeutsame Ereignisse und Hospitalisierungen der Studienkinder befragt. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurden 1.598 Hospitalisierungen bei 1.282 Kindern gemeldet. Unfälle waren für 338 stationäre Behandlungen (21,2%) bei 319 Kindern (57,1% Jungen) verantwortlich. 2 Kinder verunglückten tödlich (je 1 Verkehrs- und Ertrinkungsunfall); die Letalität betrug 0,6%. Der Altersgipfel der Unfallinzidenz zeigte sich mit 22 Unfällen pro 1.000 Beobachtungsjahren im Alter von 9–12 Monaten. Die unfallträchtigsten Monate waren Mai (10,9%), bzw. September/Oktober (je 11,8%), der unfallträchtigste Wochentag war der Donnerstag mit 61 (18,1%) Unfallereignissen. 72,5% aller Unfälle (n=245) wurden durch eine aktive bzw. passive Einwirkung physikalischer Kräfte verursacht (n=227 kinetischer, n=18 thermischer Natur). 12 Unfälle (3,5%) ereigneten sich durch die passive Teilnahme am Straßenverkehr. Häufigstes Unfallereignis waren Schädel-Hirn-Traumen (n=193, 57,2%), gefolgt von Ingestionen (n=79, 23,4%), Weichteilverletzungen (n=20, 5,9%), Extremitätenfrakturen (n=19, 5,6%), Verbrennungen/Verbrühungen (n=18, 5,3%) und Aspirationen (n=9, 2,6%). Insgesamt wurden 12,7% aller erfaßten stationären Krankenhausbehandlungstage durch Unfälle bedingt. Die mittlere Aufenthaltsdauer lag zwischen 1,3±1,2 und 1,9±1,8 Tagen (Ingestionen/Weichteilverletzungen) und 9,8±8,3 und 11,4±11,8 Tagen (Verbrennungen, Verbrühungen, Extremitätenfrakturen). Einzelkinder alleinerziehender Eltern zeigten mit 1,6% das geringste, Kinder aus Großfamilien (≥3 Kinder, 〉4 Erwachsene) mit 4,4% das höchste Unfallrisiko. Schlußfolgerung: Unfälle im Säuglings- und frühen Kleinkindesalter repräsentieren einen präventivmedizinisch bislang vernachlässigten Morbiditätsfaktor, mit höherer Inzidenz, jedoch niedrigerer Letalität im Vergleich zu Unfallereignissen bei älteren Kindern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Gastroenteritis ; Rotavirus ; Salmonellen ; Impfstoff ; Key words ; Gastroenteritis ; Rotavirus ; Salmonella ; Vaccine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Objective: A pertussis vaccine efficacy trial included a prospective follow up of all hospitalizations involved. This allowed us to calculate the rates of hospitalization due to acute gastroenteritis in a large cohort of infants and children in Germany. Methods: 10271 healthy children were enrolled at the age of 2–4 months and followed up for a mean of 2.5 years. All hospitalizations during follow-up of the study were registered and letters of discharge from hospital in children with gastroenteritis were evaluated for the present analysis. Results: A total of 179 episodes of hospitalization due to a gastroenteritis were reported in 173 children (total observation years 25284). The mean calculated incidence was 7.1/1000 observation years, with a maximum of 11.2/1000 years in 7–12 month old children. Rotavirus and Salmonella spp. were the most frequently identified agents. Rotavirus infections were most prevalent during the cold season and the maximum incidence was between 7 and 12 months of age. Characteristic symptoms of rotavirus infections were diarrhea (90%), vomiting (85%) and signs of dehydration (58%). In contrast most Salmonella infections occurred between July and September with a peak between 19 and 24 months of age. Salmonella infections were characterized by enteritis (92%), high fever (56% 〉39°C) and significantly increased values for the c-reactive protein (68%). In this study rotavirus and Salmonella infections leading to hospitalization were associated with febrile seizures in 5% and 12% of cases, respectively. Conclusion: Gastroenteritis frequently leads to hospitalization in previously healthy infants and young children. Rotavirus and Salmonella spp. are the predominant causative agents.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Eine prospektive Pertussisimpfstudie mit engmaschiger Überwachung des gesamten Kollektivs erlaubte uns, erstmals das Risiko von Säuglingen und Kleinkindern, wegen einer Gastroenteritis hospitalisiert zu werden, in einer umfangreichen Kohorte zu bestimmen. Methode: Die Kohorte aus 10.271 gesunden Kindern wurde, beginnend im Alter von 2–4 Monaten, über einen mittleren Zeitraum von 2,5 Jahren beobachtet (Gesamtbeobachtungsdauer 25.284 Jahre). Dabei wurden u.a. alle Krankenhausbehandlungen erfaßt. Ergebnisse: Bei 173 Kindern (1,7%) registrierten wir insgesamt 179 Gastroenteritisepisoden, die stationär behandelt wurden. Dies entspricht einer mittleren Inzidenz von 7,1/1000 Beobachtungsjahren mit einem Maximum von 11,2/1000 im 7. bis 12. Lebensmonat und einer Abnahme mit steigendem Lebensalter. Die beiden am häufigsten nachgewiesenen Erreger waren Rotaviren (34%) und Salmonellen (20%). Rotavirus-Infektionen traten gehäuft in der kalten Jahreszeit auf, die höchste Inzidenz lag bei Säuglingen im 7. bis 12. Lebensmonat. Die Symptomatik war geprägt von Enteritis (90%), Erbrechen (85%) und Zeichen der Dehydratation (58%). Demgegenüber trat der Großteil aller Salmonellosen in den Monaten Juli-September auf, mit einem Altersgipfel im 19. bis 24. Lebensmonat, charakterisiert durch Enteritis (92%), hohes Fieber (56%, 〉39°C) und erhöhte Werte des C-reaktiven Proteins (68%). Bei 5% bzw. 12% der wegen Rotavirus- bzw. Salmonelleninfektionen hospitalisierten Kinder war ein Fieberkrampf Anlaß für die Klinikeinweisung. Schlußfolgerung: Gastroenteritiden führen bei primär gesunden Kindern in den ersten Lebensjahren häufig zu Krankenhausbehandlungen. Rotaviren und Salmonellen sind dabei die prädominierenden Erreger.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 228 (1970), S. 1099-1100 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Chicken embryo tracheal organ cultures were prepared as described elsewhere8. A group of five cultures was used for each factor investigated. Peroxide was measured by a modification of the aminotriazole-catalase method8. In this, catalase combines with hydrogen peroxide to form a complex which then ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 151 (1992), S. 342-343 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Pertussis ; Bordetella pertussis ; Sudden infant death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two infants with life-threatening pertussis are presented in whom the diagnosis was delayed. A review of pertinent literature suggests that the diagnosis of pertussis in infants is frequently missed and therefore the morbidity and mortality from this disease is underestimated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Bordetella pertussis ; Sudden infant death ; Polymerase chain reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract From December 1990 to November 1993 nasopharyngeal specimens were obtained for culture from 50 children (mean 4.9±3.3 months of age) who had died suddenly.Bordetella pertussis was not isolated. Subsequently, nasopharyngeal specimens for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis were obtained from another 51 victims of sudden death (mean 5.4±4.4 months of age); nine (18%) wereB. pertussis positive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key wordsBordetella pertussis ; Sudden infant death ; Polymerase chain reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract From December 1990 to November 1993 nasopharyngeal specimens were obtained for culture from 50 children (mean 4.9 ± 3.3 months of age) who had died suddenly. Bordetella pertussis was not isolated. Subsequently, nasopharyngeal specimens for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis were obtained from another 51 victims of sudden death (mean 5.4 ± 4.4 months of age); nine (18%) were B. pertussis positive. Conclusion Our findings support previous epidemiological studies which noted an association between epidemic pertussis and sudden infant death syndrome. Further PCR studies with both internal and external controls should be performed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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