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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does previous infection protect against atopic eczema and recurrent wheeze ininfancy? (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Frequent infection in infancy and early childhood has been hypothesized to explain the low prevalence of asthma and other atopic disease among children in developing countries (the so-called ‘hygiene hypothesis’), but the low prevalence in Eastern Europe remains unexplained.Objective To test the hygiene hypothesis in the Republic of Belarus by examining the relationship between gastrointestinal (GI) and respiratory infection and two potentially atopic outcomes in the first 12 months of life: atopic eczema and recurrent wheeze.Methods We carried out two case–control studies nested within a large (n=17 046) randomized trial in Belarus, with cases defined as (1) first occurrence of atopic eczema (n=819) and (2) second episode of wheezing (n=112). Incidence density sampling was used to select four matched controls born within 1 month at the same hospital as the case. Exposure was defined as one or more episodes of GI or respiratory infection (examined separately) with onset 〉7 days before onset of the case's atopic outcome. Analyses controlled for family atopic history, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, sex, birth weight, maternal education, and (for recurrent wheeze) maternal smoking.Results For atopic eczema, prior GI infection occurred in 7.4% of cases vs. 6.0% of controls [adjusted OR=1.27 (0.94–1.72)] and prior respiratory infection in 35.2% vs. 32.6% [adjusted OR=1.14 (95% CI=0.94–1.37)]. For recurrent wheeze, prior GI infection occurred in 9.8% of cases vs. 7.4% of controls [adjusted OR=1.30 (0.60–2.82)].Conclusion Our results do not support the hypothesis that infection protects against atopic eczema or recurrent wheezing in the first 12 months of life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.1940.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison between two common methods for reporting cold and diarrhoea symptoms of children in daycare centre research (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Child 26 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2214
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The increasing number of children attending day care centres (DCCs) in industrialized countries has refocused attention on the occurrence of infections and infectious diseases in these settings.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ObjectiveTo evaluate the agreement between two methods (parent method vs. educator method) for reporting the occurrence of respiratory and diarrhoeal infections.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsFifty-two DCCs in Québec, Canada, participated. Both educators and parents were invited to fill in calendars on which they would indicate the occurrence of colds and diarrhoea. For the parents' method, parents were telephoned biweekly to record their calendar information. For the educators' method, educators returned their calendar pages monthly (following prompting by phone, when necessary).〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsThree hundred and thirty-three parents of toddlers participated in the 15-month reporting period between September 1996 and November 1997. The average agreement between the two methods was low (13.5% for colds and 9.8% for diarrhoea). Overall estimates of the incidence rates of respiratory and diarrhoeal infections based on parents' method were higher than those based on educators' method.〈section xml:id="abs1-6"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionsParents' data lead to larger estimations of incidence rates and are probably more valid than educators' data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2214.2000.00168.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paracetamol or acetylsalisylic acid in young children? (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 43 (1992), S. 327-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Paracetamol ; Acetylsalisylic acid ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02333035
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sick population — treated population: the need for a better definition (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 41 (1991), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Randomized clinical trials ; Pharmacoepidemiology ; sick population ; therapist's targed population ; treatment target population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary There are many questions concerned with therapy and its application. Depending on the perspective of the study there can be several “populations” which, when considered individually, may give different, or even inconsistent conclusions. These populations are:the sick population, the therapist's target population, the eligible population for a study, the study population, the treatment target population, and the treatment distribution population. Semantic precision, giving a better definition of the populations, is an essential prerequirement in order to tackle scientifically all the facets of assessment of therapy Accurate definition will help in the study of areas as varied as the methodology, the therapeutic studies, the validity of the recommendations made, the impact of these recommendations on prescription, and finally, the consequences of the prescription in terms of public health (clinical and economical). Several examples are given to show the relationship between these populations and the importance of an accurate definition for each. Guidelines for the identification of these populations are provided. In this overall approach to therapy, epidemiology is an essential, complementary tool to clinical trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314951
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Daycare attendance and risk of first infectious disease (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 150 (1991), S. 214-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Daycare ; Common cold ; Wheezy bronchitis ; Otitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The health hazards of daycare attendance for the development of upper and lower respiratory tract infections have been well documented; however the importance and the mechanism of this association have not been well defined. In order to ascertain the risk associated with the beginning of daycare (DC) attendance we conducted a survey on 1263 children aged from 3 months to 3 years; the analysis focused on the risk of developing an initial episode of common cold with fever, a first otitis and a first wheezy bronchitis (WB) within the 2 month period following adminission to DC. For each 2 month period, the risk of a first infectious event was much higher in children who had just begun attending DC than in children who remained at home: the risk ratio varied from 1.7 to 2.4 for common cold, from 1.5 to 1.9 for otitis and from 1.8 to 3.2 for WB. Because age at onset of the first infectious event may be related to a higher risk of repeated events we consider that admission to DC under 12 months of age should be quesioned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01963570
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drug prescription in young children: results of a survey in France (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 41 (1991), S. 489-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Drug utilization ; Antibiotics ; Infants ; pediatric prescribing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 8.5-month prospective study was performed in the Rhône area of France to study the incidence of infectious diseases in children in day care, and the qualitative and quantitative aspects of drug prescriptions for young children. The families of 1.359 children agreed to participate (98.5% of those selected). During the follow-up period 3.605 infections episodes were reported and 10.706 medications were used, an average of 3.0 medications per episode. Antibiotics were used in the treatment of 2.333 infectious episodes (65%) amoxycillin (36%), cephalosporin (23%), macrolide (17%) and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (9%). Acetylsalicylic acid and paracetamol were used 865- and 1.568-times, respectively. Drugs with multi-active components represented 11.3% of the total number of systemic medicines reported. Paracetamol was prescribed in 59% of cases in a multi-active component drug, whereas this type of product accounted for 83.5% of the antihistamines (used 932-times). The rationale behind the paediatric prescribing habits of French medical doctors is discussed in relation to results previously obtained in other European countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00626376
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surrogate endpoints: A basis for a rational approach (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 43 (1992), S. 235-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Surrogate endpoints ; Clinical trials ; risk/benefiratio ; assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In clinical trials, the clinical endpoint is often replaced by an intermediate endpoint, known in some instances as a “surrogate” endpoint. The reasons for the substitution are often both practical and financial. At present, no theoretical basis or practical guidelines exist to help in the choice of surrogate endpoints. An approach is proposed here, based on three provisos which can be verified using one of a series of equations, if sufficient data on the pathophysiology and epidemiology of the disease are available. It is shown that even a strong statistical correlation is not a sufficient criterion for the definition of a surrogate endpoint. It is apparent that results obtained with the commonly used “surrogate” endpoints should be cautiously considered and that the assessment of treatments should, when possible, be based on clinical rather than intermediate endpoints.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02333016
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