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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Angioarchitectonics of rat cerebellar cortex during pre- and postnatal development (1980)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 50 (1980), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat ; Cerebellum ; Vessels ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adult arrangement and the development of stem vessels and capillaries was studied in the rat cerebellum. In principle, stem vessels branch and terminate at three levels: (1) the molecular layer, (2) the Purkinje cell-granular layer, and (3) the cerebellar white matter. All stem vessels are interconnected by the capillary network which is most dense in the Purkinje cell—granular layer. As in the neocortex, the stem vessels of the cerebellum are formed successively during development, so that the later they are formed the more superficial are their terminations. The formation of multiple stem vessels in the depths of fissures and sulci during both pre- and postnatal development may correlate to regional variations in, e.g., mitotic frequency or thickness of the external granular layer. The earliest “endo-parenchymal” branches are formed before the first neurons are present. Capillary growth by sprouting during the postnatal period parallels known regional differences in the timing of the neuronal maturation, e.g., increased synaptic density and oxidative metabolism. The findings in this investigation confirm and extend the results of an earlier morphometric study on capillary development in the cerebellar cortex. Although the angiogenetic factors remain unknown, the hypothesis of a link between the vascularization and the functional maturation of the brain is corroborated by the results. Knowledge of the normal vascular development seems necessary for an understanding of brain morphogenesis and for interpretation of primary pathogenetic mechanisms in various intoxications etc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692863
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of lead in the cerebellum of suckling rats following low and high dose lead exposure (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 79 (1989), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lead ; Rat ; Cerebellum ; Particle-induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of lead in the cerebellum of suckling Sprague-Dawley rats was examined using a nuclear microprobe for elemental mapping of tissue sections (particle-induced X-ray emission, 3-μm beam of 2.5 MeV protons; micro-PIXE). The rats were injected intraperitoneally with a lead-containing vehicle or vehicle only from ages 1 to 14 days. The calculated doses were 7.8 (low-dose) and 15.6 (high-dose) μg lead/g body weight. The rats were killed at 20 days of age. The vascular system was rinsed quickly with 0.15 M ammonium acetate to obtain determinations of intra-parenchymal lead with minimal influence of lead bound to erythrocytes and plasma proteins. Brains were frozen in propane/propylene in liquid nitrogen. Cryostat sections, 15 μm thick, were air dried on formvar coats that covered a hole, 15 mm in diameter, in a plastic disc, and were used for lead analysis by micro-PIXE. Very low concentrations of lead were found in the brain of controls. Lead levels in homogenates from cerebrum and cerebellum measured by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) were: low-dose 1.2–2.2 μg/g wet weight and high-dose 1.4–2.4 μg/g wet weight. The lead levels measured with the micro-PIXE method were in good agreement with the levels found with AAS. Lead was present in the cerebellar white matter in two to three times higher amounts than in the cortical grey (low-dose white matter 11–18 μg/g dry weight, grey matter 2.0–5.5 μg/g dry weight). This was true for both low and high dose exposed rats. Lead concentrations in rats subjected the high-dose lead exposure were approximately 60% higher than those in low-dose exposed rats. Concentrations were lower in the Purkinje cell layer than in other parts of the cortex. These new findings on the distribution of lead in suckling rats are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of experimental lead encephalopathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294372
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decreased axonal calibres without axonal loss in optic nerve following chronic alcohol feeding in adult rats: a morphometric study (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 85 (1993), S. 117-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Rat ; Optic nerve ; Morphometry ; Axons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of chronic ethanol exposure on number and calibres of optic nerve axons (and number of retinal ganglion cells) were investigated in a rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a liquid, ethanol-containing diet for 5, 10 and 17 weeks with littermates given isocaloric amounts of ethanol-free diet serving as controls. After fixation by perfusion, the optic nerves were imbedded in epoxy resin and sectioned for electron microscopy. Systematic random sampling was made from a cross-shaped area over the nerve. Axons within a counting frame were counted and morphometrically categorized with regard to mean diameter and the total number of axons estimated from number per area and the cross-sectional area of the nerve, which was measured using a digitizer table. According to non-parametric statistical analysis, ethanol exposure resulted in a significant reduction in mean cross-sectional area of the optic nerve and in mean axonal calibre but not in total axonal number in the ethanol-treated rats but there was no significant effect of duration of the exposure. The mean cross-sectional area of the nerve was reduced by 9%, 10% and 18% after 5, 10 and 17 weeks of exposure, respectively. The reduction in cross-sectional area appeared to be related to a proportional reduction in axonal and myelin area fractions. The findings indicate that chronic ethanol exposure results in decreased axonal calibres without axonal loss. This also implies that there is no reduction in the number of retinal ganglion cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227757
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postnatal vascular growth in the neocortex of normal and protein-deprived rats (1979)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 47 (1979), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat ; Protein deprivation ; Neocortex ; Vessels ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal vascular growth in the neocortical area 18 of normal and pre- and postnatally protein-deprived rats was examined. For control rats the specific length, the specific surface and the volume fraction of vessels increased rapidly between 7 and 20 days of age. Thereafter, only a minor increase was seen. In protein-deprived rats there was no increase in the specific length of vessels between 7 and 10 days of age and this variable was still reduced at 30 days of age compared to controls. This reduction was due to a decrease in the specific length of thin vessels (Ø〈8.25 μ) whereas the specific length of wider vessels was not affected by the protein deprivation. There were no significant differences in the specific surface or volume fraction of vessels between control and protein-deprived rats. These findings indicate an adaptive increase in luminal diameter of vessels in the protein deprived rats during postnatal development. At 90 days of age no significant differences between vascular variables of control and protein-deprived rats were seen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00717035
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuropathology of the Norrbottnian type of Gaucher disease (1984)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 65 (1984), S. 99-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lipidosis ; Brain ; Human ; Gaucher disease ; Morphology ; Biochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Norrbottnian type of Gaucher disease is characterized by infantile or juvenile onset and variable degrees of neurological symptoms, some of which develop only after splenectomy. A full neuropathological description of this type of Gaucher disease has not been reported previously. The brains of five patients were examined morphologically and biochemically. All presented typical accumulations of glucosylceramide storing cells in the adventitia of vessels in the cerebral and cerebellar sub-cortical white matter (s.c.w.m.). There were differences between the five cases with regard to the accumulation of adventitial storage cells and to the fatty acid pattern of the glucosylceramide isolated from the s.c.w.m., which implicate that the accumulation of glucosylceramide in adventitial cells in the brain is dependent on the generalized lipid storage process and enhanced by splenectomy. Loss of neurones and myelin was noted in the vicinity of accumulations of storage cells in two cases. The five cases whowed varying degrees of nerve cell loss, satellitosis and neuronophagia. Lipofuscin with simple and complex lipids but no glycolipids could be demonstrated in neurones light-microscopically. Utrastructural examination revealed inclusion bodies with bilayers in neurones of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex, dentate nucleus and pons. Because of the bilayered structure of Gaucher cell inclusions the bilayers in neurones are assumed to be formed by glucosylceramide. The fatty acid composition of glucosylceramide isolated from cerebral cortex in all cases suggested that cerebral gangliosides were its main precursor. The highest levels of psychosine (glucosylsphingosine) were seen in the cases with the most advanced nerve cell loss. The morphological and biochemical findings indicate that the neuronopathic process is associated with accumulation of glucosylceramide and psychosine in neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690463
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postnatal vascular growth in the cerebellar cortex of normal and protein-deprived rats (1979)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 47 (1979), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat ; Cerebellar cortex ; Protein deprivation ; Vessels ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal vascular growth in the cortex of vermis cerebelli folium IX of normal and pre- and postnatally protein-deprived rats was examined. The rate of increase in specific length of vessels seem to parallel the functional maturation of neurons in all cortical layers. From the first postnatal week there is a higher specific length of vessels in the Purkinje cell layer than in the adjoining parts of the molecular and granular layers. The results indicate that such differences are present also after the period of rapid vascular growth. Protein deprivation appears to affect the postnatal increase in specific length of vessels less in the Purkinje cell layer than in the granular and molecular layer where a significant reduction compared to controls was seen for the interval 7–20 days of age. At 90 days of age no significant differences were seen between control and protein-deprived rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00717036
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The early internal vascularization of the rat brain (1980)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 50 (1980), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat ; Brain ; Vessels ; Prenatal ; Development ; Protein deprivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The internal vascularization of the brain was studied in foetuses of normal and protein-deprived rats from embryonic day (E) 12 to 15. The position of vascular branches showed distinct relations to the various zones of the neuroepithelium. The possibility that various parts of the vascular system may differ in function, maturation, and morphogenetic relations to the neuroepithelium must be considered. The distinct vascular layers were therefore given names relating them to the respective wall zone. The ingrowth of straight stem vessels from the epiparenchymal vascular plexus into the neuroepithelium and the formation of vascular branches close to the ventricular system were referred to as stage I of the internal vascularization. The resulting plexus was called the deep vascular plexus of the ventricular zone. Its formation followed the same temporospatial gradients as the formation of the marginal zone. Following the formation of the intermediate zone, more stem vessels entered the neuroepithelium and a superficial vascular plexus of the ventricular zone was formed (stage II). This plexus was positioned close to the border between the ventricular zone and the intermediate zone. Subsequently, vascular branches also formed plexuses of the intermediate and subventricular zones (stage III). No “intraepithelial” vessels were seen on E 12. The temporospatial gradients in the telencephalic vesicles were caudal to rostral and lateral to medial, starting in the parts corresponding to the ganglionic eminence in the floor of the lateral ventricle on E 13. Only the dorsomedial angles of the hemispheres showed no vessels on E 15. No obvious differences were seen between the normal and the protein-deprived foetuses regarding the timing and extent of vascularization or the size and appearance of wall zones in the immature central nervous (I-CNS).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688758
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-dose lead encephalopathy in the suckling rat (1983)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 60 (1983), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lead intoxication ; Rat ; Growth development ; Lead determination ; Light microscopy ; Brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Retardation of growth has often confounded the interpretation of the results from experimental studies on lead intoxication. An attempt was therefore made to establish a daily dose of lead which, when given to suckling rags, results in a lead encephalopathy without concomitant reduction in body weight. Lead was administered i.p. as lead nitrate. Experimental animals were given 25, 10, or 5 mg lead nitrate/kg b.wt. daily during the first 20 days postnatally (p.n.). One group was given 10 mg/kg daily during the first 15 days. Controls were injected with vehicle without lead nitrate. Mortality was high in the group given 25 mg/kg b.wt. daily. Animals in this group exhibited a marked weight loss after 10 days. A slight but significant reduction in body weight was seen at 20 days in animals receiving 10 mg/kg b.wt. from day 1 to 20. The body weight gain of animals given 10 mg/kg during 15 days and of animals given 5 mg/kg during 20 days did not significantly differ from that of controls. Lead content in blood and brain was determined using a Carbon Rod Atomizer. Lead levels were elevated in all experimental animals. Light-microscopic findings in the cerebellum of animals given 25 and 10 mg/kg b.wt. daily were similar to those previously reported in experimental lead encephalopathy. The changes were dose-dependent, lesions being devastating in rats given 25 mg/kg b.wt. daily and discrete in rats given 10 mg/kg b.wt. daily. No pathologic change could be demonstrated on the light-microscopic level in the cerebellum or cerebrum of rats given 5 mg/kg b.wt. daily. The lack of growth retardation in encephalopathic rats makes the model valuable for further investigations on lead neurotoxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00685340
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular enzymatic differentiation in brain vessels of normal and protein-deprived rats (1983)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 60 (1983), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral blood vessels ; Gradient centrifugation ; Alkaline phosphatase ; γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase ; Protein deprivation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Brain capillary development was studied in normal and protein-deprived rats using the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (EC 2.3.2.1) in whole brain homogenates and microvessels obtained by gradient centrifugation according to Orlowski et al. (1974). Pre-and postnatal protein deprivation was induced by a 50% reduction in the dietary protein content. The density of microvessel fragments changed during development. Most of the early developmental increase in the specific activity of both enzymes in whole brain homogenates of normal rats can probably be explained by a rapid formation of new capillary segments. The increase in specific activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in microvessels was interpreted as a sign of cellular differentiation. Protein deprivation resulted in reduced specific activity of both enzymes in whole brain homogenates of 30-day-old rats, probably as a result of the decreased length per volume of the cerebral capillary network at this age (Conradi et al. 1979a). Signs of impaired endothelial growth were also present in the protein-deprived rats since the distribution of microvessel fragments in the 30-day-old protein-deprived rats was similar to that in 3-week-old normal rats. The specific activity of alkaline phosphatase was decreased in the microvessel fractions of 30- and 96-day-old protein-deprived rats, apparently signifying an effect of the protein deprivation on the endothelial cells. These effects of protein deprivation on the brain capillary endothelial transport system may have negative consequences for growth and function in the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691862
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vulnerability to lead in protein-deprived suckling rats (1984)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 62 (1984), S. 276-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat ; Brain ; Lead intoxication ; Protein deprivation ; Growth and development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Most studies on lead toxicity in the suckling rat have been performed with doses leading to growth retardation. In a previous paper (Sundström et al. 1983), the effects of different lead doses on normal suckling rats were described. The dose of 10 mg/kg body weight daily given on days 1–15 pp produced minute hemorrhagic lesions on day 15 in the cerebellum, whereas rats given 5 mg/kg body weight daily lacked microscopically discernible pathologic changes in the brain. None of these groups exhibited growth retardation. To further elucidate the association between lead encephalopathy and malnutrition, lead was administered to protein-deprived suckling rats. Protein deprivation was achieved by a diet with 50% reduction of protein content. The móthers of the pups were fed this diet from 2 weeks before conception throughout the experiment. Experimental animals were injected i.p. with 5 mg or 10 mg lead nitrate/kg b.wt. daily. Littermates, injected with vehicle without lead nitrate served as controls. Protein-deprived rats without either treatment were “external” controls. Animals were killed at 10, 15, and 20 days age for determination of lead content in blood and brain and for light-microscopic examination. The protein-deprived rats given 10 mg/kg b.wt. daily were growth-retarded as compared to unexposed protein-deprived rats. The mortality was almost 100% at 15–20 days pp. At 15 days, the cerebellum of these rats showed abundant hemorrhages, and the cerebrum was also hemorrhagically discolored. Protein-deprived rats given 5 mg/kg b.wt. daily did not differ significantly from unexposed protein-deprived rats with regard to body weight gain. They presented a mortality of about 20% on days 15–20. At 15 days, cerebellar hemorrhages were a regular finding, though not as devastating as in the animals given 10 mg lead nitrate/kg b.wt. daily. The results imply an increased vulnerability to lead in protein-deprived rats as compared to normal rats. The severe encephalopathy in protein-deprived rats was associated with higher blood lead levels than in normal rats exposed to an equivalent lead burden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687609
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